. 2018 Jun 17;7(12):e007146. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007146

Table 6.

Recommended Knowledge Base and Interventional Skills for Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure

Knowledge Base	Interventional Skills
Understanding the natural history of paradoxical thromboembolic events and right‐to‐left shunts through PFO Medical management and guidelines Randomized Clinical Trials data Image interpretation a. Transesophageal echocardiography b. Intracardiac echocardiography c. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging d. Transcranial Doppler Types of PFO devices and sizes Indications to intervene Contraindications to PFO closure Potential complications	Right and left heart catheterization Crossing a PFO Balloon sizing if appropriate Sheaths, wires, and catheters to use Image guidance a. Transesophageal echocardiography b. Intracardiac echocardiography c. Fluoroscopy Retrieval of embolized devices Acute and long‐term postprocedural care Management of complications

Knowledge Base

Interventional Skills

Understanding the natural history of paradoxical thromboembolic events and right‐to‐left shunts through PFO
Medical management and guidelines
Randomized Clinical Trials data
Image interpretation
a. Transesophageal echocardiography
b. Intracardiac echocardiography
c. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
d. Transcranial Doppler
Types of PFO devices and sizes
Indications to intervene
Contraindications to PFO closure
Potential complications

Right and left heart catheterization
Crossing a PFO
Balloon sizing if appropriate
Sheaths, wires, and catheters to use
Image guidance
a. Transesophageal echocardiography
b. Intracardiac echocardiography
c. Fluoroscopy
Retrieval of embolized devices
Acute and long‐term postprocedural care
Management of complications