Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (n=27 975) According to Serum Sodium Categories
| Characteristics | Serum Sodium Measurements (mmol/L) | P Valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 115.00–134.99 (N=2928) | 135.00–137.99 (N=5239) | 138.00–140.99 (N=9272) | 141.00–143.99 (N=6192) | 144.00–160.00 (N=1809) | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Sex (% male) | 96.3 | 96.1 | 96.2 | 96.0 | 96.6 | 0.7922 |
| Black, % | 10.3 | 12.7 | 13.7 | 15.0 | 17.8 | <0.0001 |
| Age, y | 70.0±11.6 | 69.9±11.6 | 70.6±11.5 | 71.7±11.2 | 72.5±11.0 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5, % | 11.7 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 12.3 | <0.0001 |
| 18.5–24.9, % | 22.3 | 15.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 14.2 | |
| 25–29.9, % | 25.1 | 23.5 | 23.8 | 22.5 | 23.3 | |
| 30–34.9, % | 18.3 | 21.4 | 21.7 | 22.7 | 21.8 | |
| ≥35.0, % | 22.6 | 28.7 | 30.9 | 31.6 | 28.5 | |
| Clinical | ||||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 79.7±15.6 | 77.7±15.0 | 75.9±14.8 | 75.0±14.9 | 75.8±15.2 | <0.0001 |
| Average LVEF, % | 60.6±6.1 | 60.3±5.8 | 60.2±5.8 | 60.1±5.7 | 60.1±5.9 | 0.0013 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease, % | 42.0 | 40.5 | 41.8 | 41.7 | 40.7 | 0.4708 |
| Hypertension, % | 86.3 | 87.2 | 88.1 | 89.3 | 90.1 | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 59.2 | 65.1 | 67.1 | 67.2 | 63.6 | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 24.1 | 21.0 | 22.1 | 21.7 | 21.4 | 0.0286 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % | 50.6 | 47.0 | 44.2 | 42.3 | 41.8 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2, % | 54.0 | 55.5 | 53.0 | 52.2 | 52.6 | 0.0065 |
| Anemia, % | 42.4 | 35.8 | 32.0 | 31.6 | 35.2 | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 67.1±26.8 | 64.7±25.1 | 63.9±23.9 | 61.5±23.6 | 57.2±23.8 | <0.0001 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.27±0.59 | 4.23±0.53 | 4.20±0.51 | 4.20±0.51 | 4.17±0.54 | <0.0001 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Calcium channel blocker, % | 40.3 | 38.5 | 40.4 | 41.9 | 42.5 | 0.0027 |
| ACE/ARB, % | 60.9 | 60.9 | 61.1 | 62.2 | 61.3 | 0.5696 |
| β‐Blocker, % | 60.7 | 59.7 | 59.6 | 59.7 | 61.0 | 0.7754 |
Missing values: race=1378; heart rate=780; eGFR=440; serum postassium=36. ACE‐I/ARB indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
a
P value for general association (ANOVA or chi‐square).