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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 7.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Surg Oncol. 2018 Jun 14;25(8):2475–2483. doi: 10.1245/s10434-018-6558-7

TABLE 1.

Demographic, clinicopathologic, and treatment characteristics of included patients

Variable All patients [n = 877] No recurrence [n = 215] Recurrence [n = 662] P-Value
Male 463 (52.8) 131 (60.9) 332 (50.2) 0.006
Race/ethnicity 0.942
    Caucasian 760 (86.7) 186 (86.5) 574 (86.7)
    Other 117 (13.3) 29 (13.5) 88 (13.3)
Age, years
    Mean [SD] 65.7 [10.5] 67.7 [10.7] 65.1 [10.4] 0.002
Operation procedure 0.315
    PPPD 427 (48.7) 104 (48.4) 323 (48.8)
    Standard PD 412 (47.0) 98 (45.6) 314 (47.4)
    Total pancreatectomy 38 (4.3) 13 (6.0) 25 (3.8)
Blood transfusion 267 (30.4) 66 (30.7) 201 (30.4) 0.926
Morbidity 0.036
    Clavien–Dindo grade II or lower 719 (82.0) 166 (77.2) 553 (83.5)
    Clavien–Dindo grade III or higher 158 (18.0) 49 (22.8) 109 (16.5)
Resection margin < 0.001
    R0 (>1.0 mm) 597 (68.1) 180 (83.7) 417 (63.0)
    R1 (≤ 1.0 mm) 280 (31.9) 35 (16.3) 245 (37.0)
Tumor differentiation 0.001
    Well–moderate 541 (61.7) 154 (71.6) 387 (58.5)
    Poor 336 (38.3) 61 (28.4) 275 (41.5)
Tumor size, cm 0.007
    Mean [SD] 3.1 [1.4] 2.9 [1.7] 3.1 [1.3]
T-stage (AJCC 7th edition) 0.007
    1–2 232 (26.5) 72 (36.7) 160 (24.2)
    3–4 645 (73.5) 136 (63.3) 502 (75.8)
Positive lymph nodes 667 (76.1) 121 (64.4) 531 (80.2) < 0.001
Positive lymph node ratio < 0.001
    ≤ 0.2 593 (67.6) 182 (84.7) 411 (62.1)
    > 0.2 284 (32.4) 33 (15.3) 251 (37.9)
Microscopic perineural invasion 788 (89.9) 175 (81.4) 613 (92.6) < 0.001
Microscopic lymphovascular invasion 518 (59.1) 90 (41.9) 428 (64.7) < 0.001
AJCC stage 7th edition < 0.001
    ≤ 2A 241 (27.5) 80 (37.2) 161 (24.3)
    ≥ 2B 636 (72.5) 135 (62.8) 501 (75.7)
Adjuvant therapy < 0.001
    No adjuvant therapy 269 (30.7) 51 (23.7) 218 (32.9)
    Chemotherapy 200 (22.8) 74 (34.4) 126 (19.0)
    Chemoradiotherapy 408 (46.5) 90 (41.9) 318 (48.0)
Recurrence site NA
    No recurrence 215 (24.5) 215 (100) NA
    Multiple-site 227 (25.9) NA 227 (34.3)
    Liver-only 166 (18.9) NA 166 (25.1)
    Local-only 158 (18.0) NA 158 (23.9)
    Lung-only 93 (10.6) NA 93 (14.0)
    Other 18 (2.1) NA 18 (2.7)

Data are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise specified

Data in bold represent statistical significance (P < 0.05)

PPPD pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, SD standard deviation, PD pancreatoduodenectomy, AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer, NA not applicable