TABLE 1.
Demographic, clinicopathologic, and treatment characteristics of included patients
| Variable | All patients [n = 877] | No recurrence [n = 215] | Recurrence [n = 662] | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 463 (52.8) | 131 (60.9) | 332 (50.2) | 0.006 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.942 | |||
| Caucasian | 760 (86.7) | 186 (86.5) | 574 (86.7) | |
| Other | 117 (13.3) | 29 (13.5) | 88 (13.3) | |
| Age, years | ||||
| Mean [SD] | 65.7 [10.5] | 67.7 [10.7] | 65.1 [10.4] | 0.002 |
| Operation procedure | 0.315 | |||
| PPPD | 427 (48.7) | 104 (48.4) | 323 (48.8) | |
| Standard PD | 412 (47.0) | 98 (45.6) | 314 (47.4) | |
| Total pancreatectomy | 38 (4.3) | 13 (6.0) | 25 (3.8) | |
| Blood transfusion | 267 (30.4) | 66 (30.7) | 201 (30.4) | 0.926 |
| Morbidity | 0.036 | |||
| Clavien–Dindo grade II or lower | 719 (82.0) | 166 (77.2) | 553 (83.5) | |
| Clavien–Dindo grade III or higher | 158 (18.0) | 49 (22.8) | 109 (16.5) | |
| Resection margin | < 0.001 | |||
| R0 (>1.0 mm) | 597 (68.1) | 180 (83.7) | 417 (63.0) | |
| R1 (≤ 1.0 mm) | 280 (31.9) | 35 (16.3) | 245 (37.0) | |
| Tumor differentiation | 0.001 | |||
| Well–moderate | 541 (61.7) | 154 (71.6) | 387 (58.5) | |
| Poor | 336 (38.3) | 61 (28.4) | 275 (41.5) | |
| Tumor size, cm | 0.007 | |||
| Mean [SD] | 3.1 [1.4] | 2.9 [1.7] | 3.1 [1.3] | |
| T-stage (AJCC 7th edition) | 0.007 | |||
| 1–2 | 232 (26.5) | 72 (36.7) | 160 (24.2) | |
| 3–4 | 645 (73.5) | 136 (63.3) | 502 (75.8) | |
| Positive lymph nodes | 667 (76.1) | 121 (64.4) | 531 (80.2) | < 0.001 |
| Positive lymph node ratio | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 0.2 | 593 (67.6) | 182 (84.7) | 411 (62.1) | |
| > 0.2 | 284 (32.4) | 33 (15.3) | 251 (37.9) | |
| Microscopic perineural invasion | 788 (89.9) | 175 (81.4) | 613 (92.6) | < 0.001 |
| Microscopic lymphovascular invasion | 518 (59.1) | 90 (41.9) | 428 (64.7) | < 0.001 |
| AJCC stage 7th edition | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 2A | 241 (27.5) | 80 (37.2) | 161 (24.3) | |
| ≥ 2B | 636 (72.5) | 135 (62.8) | 501 (75.7) | |
| Adjuvant therapy | < 0.001 | |||
| No adjuvant therapy | 269 (30.7) | 51 (23.7) | 218 (32.9) | |
| Chemotherapy | 200 (22.8) | 74 (34.4) | 126 (19.0) | |
| Chemoradiotherapy | 408 (46.5) | 90 (41.9) | 318 (48.0) | |
| Recurrence site | NA | |||
| No recurrence | 215 (24.5) | 215 (100) | NA | |
| Multiple-site | 227 (25.9) | NA | 227 (34.3) | |
| Liver-only | 166 (18.9) | NA | 166 (25.1) | |
| Local-only | 158 (18.0) | NA | 158 (23.9) | |
| Lung-only | 93 (10.6) | NA | 93 (14.0) | |
| Other | 18 (2.1) | NA | 18 (2.7) |
Data are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise specified
Data in bold represent statistical significance (P < 0.05)
PPPD pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, SD standard deviation, PD pancreatoduodenectomy, AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer, NA not applicable