Activation maps show cluster-corrected BOLD responses (voxel-based Z-scores, prior to Spinal Manipulative Therapy) to viewing videos of back straining (BSE) relative to neutral exercises in chronic Low-Back Pain patients (cLBP, A) and age / sex matched healthy controls (HC, B), and in cLBP relative to HC (C). There were no significant voxels in the opposite contrast (HC – cLBP). Bar plots show mean Z-scores within Regions of Interest (ROIs) drawn from the [cLBPBSE-Neutral – HCBSE-Neutral] contrast, indicating the interaction was driven by increased BOLD responses to BSE videos for cLBP. Error bars represent Standard Error of the Mean. aINS = anterior Insula; vlPFC =ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex; dlPFC = dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; STS = Superior Frontal Sulcus; MTG = Middle Temporal Gyrus; TPJ = Temporoparietal Junction.