Table 1.
Participant Characteristics.
| Non-ASD M (SD) |
ASD M (SD) |
Cohen’s d (p) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 110 | 91 | |
| Age (SD, range) | 6.8 (3.3, 1.8–17.6) | 5.7 (3.6, 1.6–15.8) | .31 (.001) |
| Male (n, %) | 86 (78.2%) | 75 (82.5%) | −.11 (.454) |
| White Non-Hispanic (n, %) | 80 (72.7%) | 62 (68.1%) | .10 (.476) |
| ADOS-2 Total Severity (SD, range) | 2.4 (2.0, 1–10) | 6.3 (2.4, 1–10) | −1.78 (<.001) |
| ADOS-2 Social Affect Severity (SD, range) | 3.0 (2.3, 1–10) | 6.4 (2.3, 1–10) | −1.48 (<.001) |
| ADOS-2 Repetitive Behavior Severity (SD, range) | 2.3 (2.2, 1–9) | 6.4 (2.5, 1–10) | −1.75 (<.001) |
| Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (T-Score; SD, range) | 66.7 (12.7, 39–86) | 68.1 (10.9, 41–89) | −.11 (.616) |
| Child Behavior Checklist - Total Problems (T-Score) | 67.0 (11.2) | 61.4 (11.4) | .50 (<.001) |
| Child Behavior Checklist - Internalizing (T-Score) | 64.6 (10.4) | 60.1 (11.5) | .41 (.003) |
| Child Behavior Checklist - Externalizing (T-Score) | 64.2 (12.8) | 57.4 (12.2) | .55 (<.001) |
| Receptive Language (SS) | 85.5 (23.9) | 69.9 (20.7) | .70 (<.001) |
| Expressive Language (SS) | 88.1 (24.7) | 74.2 (23.6) | .57 (<.001) |
| Total Language (SS) | 87.9 (23.8) | 74.4 (23.5) | .57 (<.001) |
| Non-Verbal Ability (SS) | 88.6 (19.2) | 65.7 (13.9) | 1.33 (<.001) |
| Tracking Ratio % | 81.5 (13.4) | 77.7 (16.1) | .26 (.127) |
| Number of Stimuli Tracked (out of 44) | 39.6 (5.6) | 37.9 (6.9) | .26 (.112) |
| Calibration Accuracy - X Deviation◦ | 1.8 (2.1) | 2.1 (2.9) | −.20 (.531) |
| Calibration Accuracy - Y Deviation◦ | 1.4(1.6) | 1.8 (2.5) | −.14 (.756) |
Note: Cohen’s d is based on conversion of phi coefficient or parametric independent samples t-test. P values are derived from X2 or non-parametric Mann-Whitney U. Sample sizes for Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2 (ADOS-2), Social Responsiveness Scale 2nd Edittion (SRS-2), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were 195, 184, and 192. Sample sizes for receptive language, expressive language, total language, and non-verbal ability estimates were 138, 168, 172, and 54. Non-verbal ability was only collected for children ages 6 and under. A subset of 149 participants completed gaze calibration at the end of the experiment. ASD = autism spectrum disorder. SS = standard score