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mRNA levels of VEGF (a), TGF-β1 (b), eNOS (c), and Tie-2 (d) in smooth muscle cells from healthy (CV-SMCs) and varicose veins (VV-SMCs) patients under normoxic (NOR) and hypoxic (HYP) conditions. The results were normalized to that of the GAPDH gene and are provided in arbitrary units. The data are expressed as the mean± standard deviation from the mean. The significance is set at p<0.05 (∗), p<0.005 (∗∗), or p<0.001 (∗∗∗).
