Table 2.
Distribution of baseline covariates across 4 databases between new users of canagliflozin and new users of all non‐SGLT2i AHAs in the overall population before and after propensity score matchinga
| CCAE | MDCD | MDCR | Optum | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before matching | After matching | Before matching | After matching | Before matching | After matching | Before matching | After matching | |||||||||||||||||
| Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | Canagliflozin | Non‐SGLT2i | Std. D | |
| Age group | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.01 | 0.7 | 2.0 | −0.11 | 0.7 | 0.9 | −0.02 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.04 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.04 | ||||||
| 20–24 | 0.2 | 0.7 | −0.07 | 0.2 | 0.3 | −0.01 | 0.8 | 1.8 | −0.09 | 0.8 | 0.9 | −0.01 | 0.1 | 0.3 | −0.04 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.01 | ||||||
| 25–29 | 0.5 | 1.3 | −0.09 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.00 | 2.5 | 3.7 | −0.07 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.8 | −0.05 | 0.4 | 0.5 | −0.01 | ||||||
| 30–34 | 1.6 | 3.2 | −0.11 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.00 | 5.5 | 6.3 | −0.04 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 0.00 | 1.5 | 2.1 | −0.05 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.00 | ||||||
| 35–39 | 4.1 | 6.1 | −0.09 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 0.00 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 0.03 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 0.00 | 3.6 | 3.8 | −0.01 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 0.00 | ||||||
| 40–44 | 8.5 | 10.0 | −0.05 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 0.00 | 13.0 | 10.4 | 0.08 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 0.05 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 0.00 |
| 45–49 | 14.3 | 14.5 | −0.01 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 0.00 | 15.4 | 12.3 | 0.09 | 14.7 | 15.0 | −0.01 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 0.09 | 10.8 | 11.0 | −0.01 |
| 50–54 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 0.03 | 20.6 | 20.6 | 0.00 | 17.5 | 15.8 | 0.04 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 15.4 | 11.2 | 0.12 | 14.6 | 14.8 | −0.01 |
| 55–59 | 24.4 | 21.6 | 0.07 | 24.0 | 23.8 | 0.01 | 16.6 | 17.0 | −0.01 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 0.00 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.05 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.00 | 18.0 | 12.4 | 0.16 | 17.2 | 17.1 | 0.00 |
| 60–64 | 23.8 | 20.9 | 0.07 | 23.4 | 23.1 | 0.01 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 0.00 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 0.00 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.05 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.00 | 15.9 | 11.8 | 0.12 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 0.00 |
| 65–69 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.00 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.00 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 0.00 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 0.02 | 40.5 | 31.6 | 0.19 | 39.4 | 40.0 | −0.01 | 12.6 | 14.6 | −0.06 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 0.01 |
| 70–74 | 1.5 | 1.8 | −0.02 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.01 | 31.6 | 26.3 | 0.12 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 0.00 | 8.4 | 12.1 | −0.12 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 0.01 | ||||||
| 75–79 | 0.4 | 1.3 | −0.09 | 0.5 | 0.7 | −0.03 | 14.7 | 16.7 | −0.06 | 15.6 | 15.0 | 0.02 | 3.8 | 7.5 | −0.16 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 0.01 | ||||||
| 80–84 | 0.3 | 0.8 | −0.08 | 0.2 | 0.5 | −0.04 | 6.1 | 11.9 | −0.20 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 0.01 | 1.4 | 4.8 | −0.19 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.01 | ||||||
| 85–89 | 0.1 | 0.7 | −0.09 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.02 | 2.3 | 7.0 | −0.23 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.00 | 0.6 | 3.7 | −0.22 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.00 | ||||||
| Female gender | 44.9 | 45.9 | −0.02 | 45.4 | 45.3 | 0.00 | 65.0 | 64.4 | 0.01 | 64.7 | 65.0 | −0.01 | 42.0 | 46.3 | −0.09 | 42.7 | 42.9 | −0.01 | 43.3 | 45.6 | −0.05 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 0.01 |
| Prior outcomes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HHF | 0.3 | 0.7 | −0.06 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.00 | 1.4 | 2.7 | −0.10 | 1.4 | 1.4 | −0.01 | 1.1 | 3.5 | −0.16 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.01 | 0.8 | 2.6 | −0.14 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.00 |
| BKLE amputations | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.01 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.5 | −0.03 | 0.3 | 0.4 | −0.02 | 0.2 | 0.2 | −0.01 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.00 | 0.2 | 0.3 | −0.02 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.00 |
| Amputation risk factors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cellulitis of lower limb | 2.3 | 2.6 | −0.02 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.00 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 0.00 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0.00 | 3.0 | 4.2 | −0.07 | 2.9 | 3.0 | −0.01 | 2.8 | 3.5 | −0.04 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 0.00 |
| Osteomyelitis | 0.3 | 0.4 | −0.03 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.00 | 0.7 | 1.1 | −0.04 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.8 | −0.06 | 0.3 | 0.4 | −0.02 | 0.4 | 0.7 | −0.04 | 0.4 | 0.4 | −0.01 |
| Ulcer of lower extremity | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.00 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.00 | 3.1 | 3.4 | −0.02 | 2.7 | 2.9 | −0.01 | 2.5 | 3.9 | −0.08 | 2.3 | 2.5 | −0.01 | 1.6 | 2.6 | −0.07 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.00 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 8.6 | 8.0 | 0.02 | 7.9 | 8.1 | −0.01 | 14.1 | 14.5 | −0.01 | 13.5 | 13.7 | −0.01 | 24.4 | 29.3 | −0.11 | 23.8 | 24.1 | −0.01 | 13.9 | 18.6 | −0.13 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 0.00 |
| Neurologic disorder associated with DM | 10.7 | 6.5 | 0.15 | 8.5 | 8.9 | −0.01 | 24.6 | 14.6 | 0.25 | 21.1 | 22.1 | −0.03 | 19.8 | 13.1 | 0.18 | 17.1 | 17.9 | −0.02 | 16.5 | 12.6 | 0.11 | 14.9 | 15.1 | −0.01 |
| General medical history | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 75.4 | 61.8 | 0.30 | 73.1 | 73.0 | 0.00 | 71.8 | 53.5 | 0.38 | 69.5 | 70.5 | −0.02 | 76.6 | 69.3 | 0.17 | 75.0 | 76.0 | −0.03 | 81.9 | 71.8 | 0.24 | 80.2 | 79.9 | 0.01 |
| Hypertensive disorder | 72.9 | 64.6 | 0.18 | 71.4 | 71.3 | 0.00 | 78.5 | 72.3 | 0.15 | 77.4 | 77.7 | −0.01 | 82.7 | 81.0 | 0.04 | 81.6 | 82.7 | −0.03 | 78.5 | 75.0 | 0.08 | 77.3 | 77.0 | 0.01 |
| Renal impairment | 3.6 | 5.5 | −0.09 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.00 | 6.6 | 13.3 | −0.22 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 0.00 | 10.6 | 21.1 | −0.29 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 0.01 | 8.6 | 16.0 | −0.23 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.9 | 2.2 | −0.01 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.00 | 2.8 | 4.0 | −0.07 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 0.02 | 9.3 | 15.1 | −0.18 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 0.00 | 3.4 | 7.2 | −0.17 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.6 | 2.1 | −0.03 | 1.6 | 1.7 | −0.01 | 4.5 | 6.8 | −0.10 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 0.01 | 4.8 | 8.9 | −0.16 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 0.00 | 2.6 | 5.3 | −0.14 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 0.00 |
| Coronary arteriosclerosis | 8.2 | 7.2 | 0.04 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 0.00 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 0.01 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 0.01 | 25.3 | 27.5 | −0.05 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 0.00 | 11.8 | 15.4 | −0.11 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 0.01 |
| Heart disease | 17.6 | 17.5 | 0.00 | 16.9 | 17.0 | 0.00 | 27.2 | 31.0 | −0.08 | 26.9 | 26.6 | 0.01 | 42.7 | 49.8 | −0.14 | 42.1 | 42.3 | 0.00 | 23.4 | 31.4 | −0.18 | 23.5 | 23.3 | 0.00 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 4.0 | 4.4 | −0.02 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 0.00 | 8.1 | 9.1 | −0.03 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 0.00 | 10.2 | 13.4 | −0.10 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 0.00 | 6.1 | 9.2 | −0.12 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 0.00 |
Abbreviations: AHA, antihyperglycemic agent; BKLE, below‐knee lower extremity; DM, diabetes mellitus; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; CCAE, Truven MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters; MDCD, Truven MarketScan Multi‐state Medicaid; MDCR, Truven MarketScan Medicare Supplemental Beneficiaries; SGLT2i, sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors; Std. D, standardized difference
a
All data are n (%) except for Std. D.