Table 3.

Multivariable associations of walnut consumption with diabetes outcomes

	Other Nuts Ref = No Nuts		Walnuts With Other Nuts Ref = No Nuts		Walnuts With High Certainty Ref = No Nuts		Grams of Walnutse
Self‐report definition a	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Ref = Non‐diabetes
Diabetes	1.01 (0.82, 1.25)	.930	1.01 (0.84, 1.20)	.952	0.47 (0.31, 0.72)	<.001	0.88 (0.73, 1.06)	.187
FPG definition b	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P
Ref = Non‐diabetes
Borderline diabetes	0.92 (0.79, 1.07)	.274	1.00 (0.88, 1.14)	.949	0.98 (0.69, 1.41)	.930	0.95 (0.84, 1.07)	.408
Diabetes	0.78 (0.57, 1.09)	.142	1.01 (0.79, 1.30)	.937	0.32 (0.17, 0.58)	<.001	0.63 (0.47, 0.86)	.003
A1C definition c	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P
Ref = Non‐diabetes
Borderline diabetes	1.17 (1.01, 1.35)	.033	1.00 (0.88, 1.14)	.984	1.12 (0.83, 1.51)	.449	1.01 (0.89, 1.14)	.863
Diabetes	0.77 (0.60, 0.98)	.037	1.00 (0.81, 1.23)	.981	0.51 (0.27, 0.99)	.045	0.94 (0.76, 1.16)	.535
FPG and or A1C definition d	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P	RRR (95% CI)	P
Ref = Non‐diabetes
Borderline diabetes	1.09 (0.96, 1.24)	.179	1.05 (0.93, 1.18)	.420	1.19 (0.91, 1.57)	.206	1.00 (0.89, 1.14)	.938
Diabetes	0.72 (0.57, 0.92)	.009	1.08 (0.89, 1.30)	.433	0.50 (0.27, 0.92)	.025	0.85 (0.67, 1.08)	.189
RRR, relative risk ratio; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Models adjusted for age, gender, race, body mass index, education, smoking, alcohol use, and exercise.

^aSelf‐report classification as diabetic based on being told by a doctor.

^bParticipants with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > 125 mg/dL classified as diabetic and FPG > 100 mg/dL and ≤125 mg/dL were classified as borderline diabetic.

^cGlycohemoglobin (haemoglobin A1c, HbA_1c) > 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) classified as diabetic and ≥5.7% (39 mmol/mol) and <6.5%(48 mmol/mol) classified as borderline diabetic.

^dIndividuals classified as having high levels on FPG and/or HbA_1c.

^ePer 1 standard deviation.