Table 3.
Profile and Outcome Variables for Motivational Profiles in Elementary School Sample (Study 1)
| Moderate-High All | Intrinsic and Confident | Average All | Very High All | F (p-value) | Effect Size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mastery-Approach | 0.53a | 0.62a | −1.16b | 0.66a | 119.22 (p < .001) | 0.70 |
| Performance-Approach | 0.70b | −0.85d | −0.31c | 1.29a | 28.85 (p < .001) | 0.36 |
| Performance-Avoidance | 0.62b | −1.30d | −0.27c | 1.30a | 75.15 (p < .001) | 0.59 |
| Perceived Competence | 0.49b | 0.53b | −0.95c | 1.18a | 50.55 (p < .001) | 0.50 |
| Task Value | 0.60b | 0.41b | −0.95c | 0.98a | 53.99 (p < .001) | 0.51 |
|
| ||||||
| Behavioral Engagement | 4.60a (0.06) | 4.64a (0.05) | 4.06b (0.10) | 4.70a (0.07) | 0.56 | |
| Cognitive Engagement | 4.20a (0.09) | 4.14a (0.08) | 3.29b (0.08) | 4.30a (0.07) | 0.80 | |
| Math Growth Achievement | 0.08ab (0.07) | 0.10ab (0.09) | −0.11b (0.07) | 0.15a (0.07) | 0.30 | |
| Read Growth Achievement | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.09 | |
Note: Motivational variables presented as standardized Z scores. Values in parentheses represent standard error values. Values with different subscripts in same row represent significantly different values based on Tukey HSD tests for motivational variables and equality tests of means for outcome variables. Effect size represents η2 for motivational variables and the mean difference between groups divided by the standard deviation of the outcome for outcome variables. Bakk and Vermunt’s (2014) modified BCH method was employed to examine the relation between the profiles and outcomes, controlling for student gender and reduced-fee lunch status.