Table 2.
Comparison of control, sibling, and patient baseline profiles*
| Variable/Group | Group | Overall group differenceϮ | Pair‐wise group comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 586) | Siblings (n = 1059) | Patients (n = 1119) | |||
| Age | 30.42 (10.58) | 27.84 (8.28) | 27.58 (7.94) | F = 22.8, P < 0.001 | Sibs<Ctrs,Pts<Ctrs |
| Age of onset | … | … | 23.69 (7.59) | … | … |
| Gender, male | 45.90 | 45.51 | 76.14 | χ² = 254.1, P < 0.001 | Sibs<Ctrs<Pts |
| Education (Verhage)a | 5.41 (1.78) | 5.07 (2.11) | 4.04 (2.05) | F = 128.5, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Ethnicity, Dutch | 92.12 | 83.24 | 79.22 | χ² = 45.2, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Estimated IQb | 109.75 (15.08) | 102.76 (15.60) | 94.99 (16.12) | F = 185.6, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Overall score PASc | 1.13 (0.59) | 1.13 (0.66) | 1.98 (0.88) | F = 439.0, P < 0.001 | Sbs<Pts, Pts<Ctrs |
| SIS‐Rd | |||||
| Positive | 0.31 (0.35) | 0.38 (0.42) | … | F = 15.4, P < 0.001 | Ctrs<Sbs |
| Negative | 0.24 (0.22) | 0.27 (0.26) | … | F = 9.0, P = 0.002 | Ctrs<Sbs |
| PANSS 5‐factor | |||||
| Positive | … | … | 13.90 (6.55) | … | … |
| Negative | … | … | 15.00 (6.64) | … | … |
| Disorganization | … | … | 16.77 (6.27) | … | … |
| Excitement | … | … | 12.05 (4.05) | … | … |
| Emotional distress | … | … | 15.82 (5.73) | … | … |
| CAPE (Positive dimension)e | |||||
| PE Frequency | 0.19 (0.17) | 0.21 (0.20) | 0.67 (0.49) | F = 566.5, P < 0.001 | Sbs<Pts, Pts<Ctrs |
| PE Distress | 0.43 (0.45) | 0.46 (0.48) | 1.26 (0.69) | F = 531.0, P < 0.001 | Sbs<Pts, Pts<Ctrs |
| Cognitive Performance | |||||
| CPT performancef | 246.36 (54.78) | 243.70 (57.86) | 220.82 (62.14) | F = 52.0, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs, Ctrs<Pts |
| CPT variance (ms)g | 72.76 (28.28) | 75.80 (28.44) | 92.99 (36.51) | F = 108.4, P < 0.001 | Sbs<Pts, Pts<Ctrs |
| Block designh | 46.55 (14.16) | 44.87 (15.07) | 40.42 (16.99) | F = 39.2, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Digit symboli | 84.01 (14.58) | 79.21 (15.39) | 65.41 (16.27) | F = 379.9, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Arithmeticj | 15.32 (4.16) | 13.86 (4.43) | 12.27 (4.79) | F = 93.1, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Informationk | 18.84 (4.67) | 16.83 (5.22) | 16.77 (5.47) | F = 31.5, P < 0.001 | Sbs<Ctrs, Pts<Ctrs |
| Immediate recalll | 28.47 (5.37) | 26.89 (5.77) | 22.94 (6.09) | F = 224.5, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
| Delayed recallm | 9.74 (2.70) | 9.33 (2.64) | 7.53 (2.87) | F = 181.6, P < 0.001 | Pts<Sbs<Ctrs |
*Table presents means (SD) or %; Empty (…) row or column means no measurements in the respective group or variable; aEducation (Verhage): range 0 (no education), 3–5 (school diploma) to 8 (university degree); bIQ: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III (WAIS‐III), short form; cPAS: Premorbid Adjustment Scale; dSIS‐R: Structured Inventory for Schizotypy – Revised; eCAPE: Community Assessment for Psychic Experiences; PE frequency and distress: Frequency of positive psychotic experiences and amount of distress of these PE; fCPT performance: Continuous performance test HQ, performance index, gCPT variance (ms): CPT‐HQ variance in reaction time (ms); hBlock design: WAIS‐III Block design; iDigit symbol: WAIS‐III Digit symbol substitution test; jArithmetic: WAIS‐III Arithmetic; kInformation: WAIS‐III Information; lImmediate recall: Word Learning Task (WLT) immediate recall; mDelayed recall: WLT Delayed recall. For the PAS, higher scores reflect poorer premorbid adjustment; Ctrs: Controls; Sibs: Siblings; Pts: Patients; Pair‐wise group comparison explains which group has significantly different values on the measurements; Ϯ P < 0.05/20 was considered as statistically significant.