Table 3.
Patients cognitive trajectory group profiles (n = 1119)*
| Profiles | Cognitive trajectory group | Overall trajectory group differenceϮ | Pair‐wise comparison** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. High (n = 31) | 2. Normal (n = 290) | 3. Mild (n = 377) | 4. Moderate (n = 312) | 5. Severe (n = 109) | |||
| Age | 31.4 (8.3) | 27.3 (7.2) | 28.0 (8.0) | 27.3 (8.4) | 26.8 (8.0) | F = 2.5, P = 0.051 | 2 < 1 |
| Age of Onset | 26.2 (8.1) | 23.0 (6.5) | 23.2 (7.9) | 22.9 (7.9) | 23.0 (7.3) | F = 1.4, P = 0.253 | |
| Gender, % male | 74.2 | 77.9 | 74.3 | 77.2 | 75.2 | χ²=1.6, P = 0.816 | |
| Education (Verhage)a | 5.8 (1.9) | 4.9 (1.8) | 4.3 (2.0) | 3.3 (1.9) | 2.6 (1.8) | F = 49.0, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| Ethnicity, % Dutch | 90.3 | 87.2 | 79.9 | 75.1 | 64.5 | χ²=30.6, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| IQ, Estimatedb | 127.8 (10.7) | 110.5 (10.4) | 95.7 (8.6) | 83.3 (7.7) | 72.9 (6.7) | F = 615.6, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1;2 > 3,4,5 |
| PAS, overall scorec | 1.8 (1.0) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.8) | 2.1 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.8) | F = 9.7, P < 0.001 | 2 < 4,5 |
| PANSS 5‐factord | |||||||
| Positive | 14.0 (8.2) | 13.4 (5.9) | 13.1 (5.9) | 15.0 (7.1) | 14.8 (7.7) | F = 4.0, P = 0.003 | 2 < 4 |
| Negative | 15.1 (6.4) | 13.6 (5.9) | 14.3 (6.4) | 16.1 (7.0) | 18.0 (7.1) | F = 11.1, P < 0.001 | 2 < 4,5 |
| Disorganization | 16.0 (6.8) | 14.8 (4.9) | 15.7 (5.6) | 18.3 (6.6) | 21.3 (7.1) | F = 30.5, P < 0.001 | 2 < 4,5 |
| Excitement | 12.8 (5.2) | 11.5 (3.5) | 11.5 (3.7) | 12.7 (4.4) | 13.2 (4.5) | F = 7.0, P = 0.001 | 2 < 4,5 |
| Emotional distress | 16.0 (5.7) | 15.4 (5.4) | 15.2 (5.5) | 16.7 (5.8) | 16.4 (6.8) | F = 3.3, P = 0.024 | 2 < 4 |
| Cognitive performance | |||||||
| CPT performancee | 256.1 (45.7) | 240.9 (52.2) | 225.8 (59.6) | 210.7 (56.5) | 170.0 (78.8) | F = 30.1, P < 0.001 | 2 > 3,4,5 |
| CPT variance (ms)f | 84.2 (35.3) | 83.1 (31.9) | 90.1 (36.0) | 101.8 (37.2) | 106.3 (38.9) | F = 13.4, P < 0.001 | 2 < 4,5 |
| Block designg | 60.4 (8.8) | 53.5 (10.9) | 42.2 (14.3) | 30.7 (13.8) | 20.6 (11.0) | F = 197.6, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| Digit symbolh | 85.2 (14.6) | 76.2 (14.6) | 66.5 (12.5) | 57.8 (12.9) | 47.5 (11.7) | F = 138.7, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| Arithmetici | 18.8 (2.5) | 16.2 (3.2) | 13.0 (3.8) | 9.1 (3.3) | 6.7 (2.7) | F = 264.22, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| Informationj | 24.6 (2.3) | 21.1 (3.4) | 17.4 (4.3) | 13.6 (4.3) | 9.9 (3.5) | F = 243.9, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| Immediate recallk | 32.4 (3.8) | 27.1 (4.7) | 23.4 (4.7) | 19.9 (4.8) | 15.9 (5.0) | F = 173.2, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1; 2 > 3,4,5 |
| Delayed recalll | 12.1 (1.8) | 9.4 (2.4) | 7.6 (2.4) | 6.2 (2.2) | 4.6 (2.0) | F = 142.7, P < 0.001 | 2 < 1 2 > 3,4,5 |
*Table presents mean (SD standard deviation) or %; **Only significantly different trajectory groups are reported based on Dunnett's adjustment. The reference group is normal trajectory group; aEducation (Verhage): range 0 (no education), 3–5 (school diploma) to 8 (university degree); bIQ: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III (WAIS‐III), short form; cPAS: Premorbid Adjustment Scale; dPANSS: Positive and negative syndrome scale (higher scores in PAS and PANSS reflect poorer outcomes); eCPT performance: Continuous performance test HQ, performance index, fCPT variance (ms): CPT‐HQ variance in reaction time (ms); gBlock design: WAIS‐III Block design; hDigit symbol: WAIS‐III Digit symbol substitution test; iArithmetic: WAIS‐III Arithmetic; jInformation: WAIS‐III Information; kImmediate recall: Word Learning Task (WLT) immediate recall; lDelayed recall: WLT Delayed recall; Cognitive trajectory: high performance (1) to severely altered (5); Ϯp < 0.05/20 was considered as statistically significant.