Figure 1.

Male S. littoralis upwind flight attraction toward pheromone and cotton volatiles. The top two bars of each subplot show attraction to single plant and pheromone stimuli, respectively, while the third bar shows attraction to the combination of the respective plant and pheromone stimulus. The stimuli are main pheromone compound alone, an optimized four‐component S. littoralis synthetic sex pheromone blend (A, B) or pheromone‐reasing S. littoralis or S. litura females (C), in combination with a synthetic cotton volatile blend (A) or a live cotton plant (B, C). Bars with asterisks are significantly different from attraction to pheromone control (binomial GLM and post‐hoc Wald pairwise comparisons; n = 50).