. 2018 Aug 27;72(10):2225–2233. doi: 10.1111/evo.13571

Table 1.

Male cotton leafworm S. littoralis upwind flight attraction to synthetic cotton volatiles (Loughrin et al. 1995; Saveer et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2013) and sex pheromone compounds (Saveer et al. 2014; El‐Sayed 2017)

	Male upwind flight attraction [%]
Pheromone added	None	Main pheromone compound^a	4‐Component sex pheromone blend^b
		48	64
Plant compounds^c
α‐Farnesene	14^*	24^*	76
Nonanal	0	18^*	72
(R)‐(+)‐Limonene	6	18^*	64
(S)‐(+)‐Linalool	8	14^*	62
β‐Farnesene	2	20^*	58
(R)‐(+)‐Linalool	0	0^*	54
β‐Myrcene	8	14^*	50
(Z)‐3‐Hexenylacetate	0	8^*	46^*
(E)‐β‐Ocimene	4	22^*	40^*
DMNT^d	0	2^*	16^*

^aZ9,E11‐14Ac, release rate 100 pg/min.

^b100:30:20:4‐blend of Z9,E11‐14Ac, Z9‐14Ac, E10,E12‐14Ac and Z9,E12‐14Ac, release rate 100 pg/min.

^crelease rate 10 ng/min.

^d4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3(E),7‐nonatriene.

Single cotton volatiles were tested alone, in mixtures with the S. littoralis main pheromone compound, and with an optimized, four‐component synthetic sex pheromone blend. Asterisks show significant differences between attraction to pheromone alone and pheromone blended with single cotton volatile compounds; α‐farnesene was the only cotton volatile to elicit significant attraction by itself (binomial GLM and post‐hoc Wald pairwise comparison; n = 50).