Table 3. Raw scores on D-KEFS tests for metacognition and executive functions (mean (SD)) of Dutch elite and sub-elite table tennis players (n = 60).
| Elite players (n = 30) | Sub-elite players (n = 30) | F-value / p-value |
Effect size d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Design Fluency Test for metacognition (working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility) | ||||
| DFT-1 | 13.3 (3.2) | 12.4 (3.0) | 1.355 / .249 | 0.29 |
| DFT-2 | 15.4 (3.3) | 14.1 (3.0) | 2.585 / .113 | 0.41 |
| DFT-3 | 10.2 (2.6) | 9.9 (2.3) | .268 / .606 | 0.12 |
| DFT-total | 40.9 (6.1) | 39.0 (6.0) | 1.459 / .232 | 0.31 |
| Colour Word Interference Test for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility | ||||
| CWI-3 Time (s) | 47.9 (9.3) | 49.6 (11.1) | .397 / .531 | 0.17 |
| CWI-3 Number of mistakes | 0.9 (0.9)* | 1.8 (1.1)* | 12.257 / .001 | 0.90 |
| CWI-4 Time (s) | 52.4 (9.2) | 57.5 (12.0) | 3.405 / .070 | 0.48 |
| CWI-4 Number of mistakes | 1.1 (1.2)* | 2.6 (1.5)* | 18.392 / < .001 | 1.10 |
| Trail Making Test for cognitive flexibility | ||||
| TMT-4 Time (s) | 60.2 (17.3) | 61.7 (36.1) | .042 / .838 | 0.05 |
| TMT-4 Number of mistakes | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.6) | 1.485 / .228 | 0.36 |
*Significant difference between elite and sub-elite table tennis players (p < 0.05)
d around 0.20 is small; d around 0.50 is medium; d around 0.80 is large (Cohen, 1988).