Table 6.

Comparison of the results of the health risk assessment in the current study versus others.

HQ and LTCR		Formaldehyde	Acetaldehyde	Location	Outdoor or indoor	Reference
HQ(a)	Mean	1.53	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
	SD	0.83	−
HQ(a)	Mean	0.87	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
	SD	0.50	−
HQ(b)	Mean	0.07	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
	SD	0.04	−
HQ(b)	Mean	0.04	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
	SD	0.02	−
HQ(c)	Mean	4.18	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
	SD	2.54	−
HQ(c)	Mean	2.38	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
	SD	1.64	−
HQ(d)	Mean	−	0.97	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
	SD	−	0.57
HQ(d)	Mean	−	0.42	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
	SD	−	0.20
LTCR(e)	−	−	9.25 × 10−5 − 9.69 × 10−6	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
LTCR(e)		−	2.18 × 10−5 − 7.55 × 10−6	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
LTCR(f)		5.83 × 10−5 − 9.71 × 10−6	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
LTCR(f)		3.12 × 10−5 − 7.81 × 10−6		Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
LTCR(g)		−	1.37 × 10−4 − 6.80 × 10−5	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
LTCR(g)		−	2.87 × 10−5 − 4.82 × 10−6	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
LTCR(h)		4.63 × 10−5 − 2.58 × 10−4	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (summer)
LTCR(h)		1.46 × 10−4 − 2.52 × 10−5	−	Shiraz, Iran	Outdoor (in the ambient air)	This study (winter)
HQ	Mean	−	−	Guiyang, China	Indoor Environments	(Li et al., 2008)
LTCR		6.96 × 10−6 − 2.48 × 10−4	−
HQ	Mean	−	−	Five cities (Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha, and Shenzhen), China	Residential environment, Indoor	(Zheng et al., 2005)
LTCR		3.41 × 10−3	−
HQ	Mean	−	−	Taipei, Taiwan	Office buildings, Indoor	(Wu et al., 2003)
LTCR		2.06 × 10−4 − 1.75 × 10−3	−
HQ	Mean			Greek, Greece	Policemen- Outdoor	(Pilidis et al., 2009)
LTCR		2.01 × 10−4
HQ	Mean			Greek, Greece	Laboratory technicians,Indoor	(Pilidis et al., 2009)
LTCR		2.67 × 10−4
HQ	Mean	0.31	0.09	Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok,	Office, Indoor	(Tunsaringkarn et al., 2012c)
LTCR		2.22 × 10−5	2.89 × 10−6	Thailand
HQ	Mean	0.16	0.05	Pathumwan district, Bangkok, Thailand	Gasoline Station workers, Outdoor	(Tunsaringkarn et al., 2012c)
LTCR		1.14 × 10−5	1.60 × 10−6
HQ	Mean	2.17	−	Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain.	Homes (terrace or balcony),	(Rovira et al., 2016)
LTCR		4.72 × 10−4 − 9.45 × 10−4	−		Outdoor
HQ	Mean	−	−	Bangkok, Thailand	Urban environments	(Kanjanasiranont et al., 2017)
LTCR		2.84 × 10−4	2.52 × 10−4
HQ	Mean	−	−	Hangzhou, China	Bus stations (for staffs), Outdoor	(Weng et al., 2009)
LTCR		2.2 × 10−4	2.7 × 10−5
HQ	Mean	−	−	Hangzhou, China	Bus stations (for costumers and	(Weng et al., 2009)
LTCR		2.2 × 10−4	2.7 × 10−5		passengers), Outdoor
HQ	Mean	−	−	Hangzhou, China	Railway stations (for staffs), Outdoor	(Weng et al., 2009)
LTCR		2.00 × 10−4	4.5 × 10−5
HQ	Mean	−	−	Hangzhou, China	Railway stations (for costumers and	(Weng et al., 2009)
LTCR		2.00 × 10−4	4.5 × 10−5		passengers), Outdoor
HQ	Mean	−	−	Bangkok, Thailand	Petrol Station Workers, Outdoor	(Kitwattanavong et al. 2013)
LTCR		7.81 × 10−6 − 1.04 × 10−5	1.39 × 10−6 − 2.45 × 10−6
HQ	Mean	0.23	0.14	Bangkok, Thailand	Petrol Station Workers, Outdoor	(Tunsaringkarn et al., 2012a)
LTCR		1.89 × 10−5	4.32 × 10−6
HQ	Mean	0.27	0.11	Bangkok, Thailand	Roadside, Outdoor	(Tunsaringkarn et al., 2012a)
LTCR		1.97 × 10−5	3.63 × 10−6
HQ	Mean	0.40	0.19	Bangkok, Thailand	Pathumwan district (gasoline station workers), Outdoor	(Tunsaringkarn et al., 2012b)
LTCR		1.27 × 10−5	2.69 × 10−6
HQ	Mean	−	−	Fortaleza, Brazil	Hospital A, Indoor	(Sousa et al., 2011)
LTCR		1.36 × 10−5	1.78 × 10−5
HQ	Mean			Fortaleza, Brazil	Hospital B, Indoor	(Sousa et al., 2011)
LTCR		3.57 × 10−5	3.35 × 10−6
HQ	Mean	−	−	Californian, United State	Furniture, Indoor	(Mølhave et al., 1995)
LTCR		6.8 × 10−8 − 8.9 × 10−8	−
HQ	Mean	−	−	Californian, United State	Furniture, Indoor	(Mølhave et al., 1995)
LTCR		5.8 × 10−7 − 7.4 × 10−7	−

HQ: hazard quotient; ILTCR: integrated lifetime cancer risk.

^aRfc for formaldehyde (IRIS) = 9.83 × 10⁻³ mg m⁻³ (USEPA 2004).

^bRfc for formaldehyde (EPA) = 2.00 × 10⁻¹ mg m⁻³ (USEPA 1989).

^cRfc for formaldehyde (CAPCOA, California EPA) = 3.6 × 10⁻³ mg m⁻³ (CalEPA 1997; Wu et al. 2003).

^dRfc for acetaldehyde (EPA) = 9.00 × 10⁻³ mg m⁻³ (USEPA, 1999a, 1999b, 2004).

^eCSF = 7.70 × 10⁻³ (mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹)⁻¹ for acetaldehyde (IRIS) (Sousa et al., 2011; USEPA, 1996).

^fCSF = 4.55 × 10⁻² (mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹)⁻¹ for formaldehyde (IRIS) (Sousa et al., 2011; USEPA, 1996).

^gCSF = 1.00 × 10⁻² (mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹)⁻¹ for acetaldehyde (OEHHA) (OEHHA, 2009).

^hCSF = 2.10 × 10⁻² (mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹)⁻¹ for formaldehyde (OEHHA) (OEHHA, 2009).