Table 2.
Changes in dietary intake of amino acids (g) during the study.
| Control group | Vegan group | Treatment effect | p- value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity and diet | Baseline | Week 16 | Baseline | Week 16 | ||
| Physical activity (METs) | 2642 (1476–3809) | 2575 (1169–3980) | 2207 (1444–2969) | 2490 (1586–3395) | +351 (−1143 to +1846) | 0.46 |
| Caloric intake (kcal.day−1) | 1923 (1627–2219) | 1582 (1368–1795)** | 1851 (1695–2007) | 1450 (1249–1652)*** | −60 (−352 to+233) | 0.69 |
| Carbs (% of daily energy) | 45.5 (42.6–48.4) | 46.6 (42.9–50.4) | 46.1 (43.5–48.8) | 69.6 (67.3–71.8)*** | +22.3 (+17.7 to +26.9) | <0.001 |
| Fats (% of daily energy) | 35.6 (32.3–38.9) | 35.0 (31.5–38.4) | 36.1 (34.0–38.1) | 17.5 (15.5–19.4)*** | −17.9 (−22.3 to −13.6) | <0.001 |
| Proteins (% of daily energy) | 16.00 (14.94–17.07) | 16.99 (15.45–18.52) | 16.77 (15.36–18.19) | 12.26 (11.26–13.25)*** | −5.50 (−7.90 to −3.11) | <0.001 |
| Total protein (g/day) | 75.4 (65.4–85.4) | 66.8 (57.3–76.2) | 76.5 (68.8–84.2) | 50.8 (42.4–59.3)*** | −17.0 (−30.5 to −3.4) | 0.01 |
| Animal protein (g) | 45.16 (37.2–53.1) | 39.68 (30.5–48.9) | 45.01 (38.4–51.7) | 3.34 (0.66–6.02)*** | −36.2 (−48.4 to −24.0) | <0.001 |
| Plant protein (g) | 30.3 (25.8–34.7) | 27.1 (22.8–31.4) | 31.5 (26.7–36.2) | 47.5 (39.7–55.3)*** | +19.2 (+10.5 to +28.0) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol intake (mg.day−1) | 290 (220–360) | 212 (149–275) | 264 (213–315) | 6.5 (2.5-10.5)*** | −180 (−278 to −82) | <0.001 |
| Tryptophan (g) | 0.92 (0.78–1.06) | 0.80 (0.67–0.92) | 0.93 (0.83–1.02) | 0.61 (0.50–0.72)*** | −0.19 (−0.38 to −0.01) | 0.04 |
| Threonine (g) | 2.92 (2.51–3.33) | 2.58 (2.19–2.97) | 2.93 (2.62–3.25) | 1.78 (1.47–2.09)*** | −0.81 (−1.36 to −0.27) | 0.004 |
| Isoleucine (g) | 3.32 (2.85–3.79) | 2.94 (2.50–3.37) | 3.41 (3.04–3.77) | 2.03 (1.67–2.40)*** | −0.99 (−1.62 to −0.35) | 0.003 |
| Leucine (g) | 5.80 (5.01–6.59) | 5.07 (4.29–5.85) | 5.83 (5.23–6.43) | 3.68 (3.00–4.36)*** | −1.41 (−2.49 to −0.34) | 0.01 |
| Lysine (g) | 4.83 (4.13–5.53) | 4.33 (3.61–5.05) | 4.90 (4.33–5.46) | 2.50 (2.00–3.01)*** | −1.90 (−2.89 to −0.91) | <0.001 |
| Methionine (g) | 1.62 (1.39–1.86) | 1.44 (1.20–1.67) | 1.66 (1.47–1.85) | 0.75 (0.62–0.88)*** | −0.72 (−1.05 to −0.39) | <0.001 |
| Cysteine (g) | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 0.90 (0.76–1.03) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 0.78 (0.65–0.91)*** | −0.13 (−0.31 to +0.06) | 0.19 |
| Phenylalanine (g) | 3.32 (2.89–3.75) | 2.91 (2.51–3.30) | 3.38 (3.03–3.72) | 2.38 (1.95-2.81)*** | −0.58 (−1.20 to +0.03) | 0.06 |
| Tyrosine (g) | 2.50 (2.16–2.84) | 2.20 (1.86–2.54) | 2.58 (2.31–2.86) | 1.42 (1.19–1.66)*** | −0.86 (−1.34 to −0.39) | <0.001 |
| Valine (g) | 3.77 (3.24–4.29) | 3.30 (2.83–3.78) | 3.84 (3.44–4.24) | 2.43 (2.00–2.86)*** | −0.95 (−1.65 to −0.24) | 0.009 |
| Arginine (g) | 4.37 (3.76–4.99) | 3.91 (3.40–4.43) | 4.30 (3.84–4.77) | 2.98 (2.51–3.45)*** | −0.87 (−1.64 to −0.09) | 0.03 |
| Histidine (g) | 1.98 (1.72–2.24) | 1.74 (1.48–2.00) | 2.02 (1.80–2.24) | 1.23 (1.01–1.44)*** | −0.55 (−0.93 to −0.17) | 0.005 |
| Alanine (g) | 3.56 (3.07–4.04) | 3.18 (2.72–3.64) | 3.60 (3.21–3.99) | 2.21 (1.84–2.58)*** | −1.01 (−1.67 to −0.35) | 0.003 |
| Aspartic acid (g) | 6.88 (5.94–7.82) | 6.21 (5.41–7.01) | 6.81 (6.14–7.49) | 4.91 (4.04–5.79)*** | −1.23 (−2.47 to +0.01) | 0.05 |
| Glutamic acid (g) | 14.22 (12.40–16.05) | 12.44 (10.74–14.15)* | 14.41 (12.95–15.88) | 10.73 (9.01–12.45)*** | −1.91 (−4.36 to +0.55) | 0.13 |
| Glycine (g) | 3.11 (2.69–3.53) | 2.80 (2.42–3.19) | 3.14 (2.81–3.47) | 1.98 (1.65–2.31)*** | −0.86 (−1.43 to −0.28) | 0.004 |
| Proline (g) | 4.57 (3.94–5.20) | 3.86 (3.23–4.49)* | 4.66 (4.19–5.13) | 3.15 (2.58–3.73)*** | −0.80 (−1.67 to +0.07) | 0.072 |
| Serine (g) | 3.41 (2.95–3.87) | 2.98 (2.56–3.40)* | 3.45 (3.10–3.79) | 2.44 (1.99–2.89)*** | −0.57 (−1.18 to +0.03) | 0.06 |
Data are means ± SD
Listed p-values are for interactions between group and time assessed by repeated measures ANOVA. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 for within-group changes from baseline assessed by paired comparison t-tests