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. 2018 Nov 1;9:2543. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02543

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Copyright © 2018 Salerno-Gonçalves, Galen, Levine, Fasano and Sztein.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Macrophage phenotype, migration and production of cytokine after stimulation with different S. Typhi strains. The 3-D model was left untreated (media) or exposed to CVD 908, CVD 910, CVD 915, Ty2, or Ty21a S. Typhi strains. After 4 h, tissues were collected and disaggregated and used to perform flow cytometry. (A) Upper panel, comparison between macrophages present in the 3-D model and monocytes present in the blood. Lower panel, macrophage vialitity detected using violet fluorescent dye ViViD. (B) Levels of resident macrophages in various culture conditions. Horizontal lines represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between the indicated culture conditions. (C) Representative experiment showing the levels of resident macrophages present in the 3-D tissues. (D) IL-8 and TNF-α intracellular staining. Numbers between in parentheses represent mean fluorescence intensity.