Table 4.

Piecewise exponential hazard results for skin tone mortality disparities among 1982 GSS respondents.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Intercept	6.282***	6.583***	6.753***	6.806***
Skin Tone (Ref: Color = 0)
Color 1 (Light)	−0.064	−0.075	−0.064	0.005
Color 2	−0.519***	−0.520***	−0.517***	−0.446***
Color 3 (Dark)	−0.236***	−0.232***	−0.226***	−0.149***
Female	0.280***	0.319***	0.323***	0.327***
Age	−0.072***	−0.076***	−0.082***	−0.082***
Age-Squared	0.000***	0.000***	0.000***	0.000***
Years of Educ.		−0.045**	−0.044**	−0.051**
Years of Educ. Squared		0.002***	0.002***	0.002***
Log HH Income		0.015	0.014	0.010
Labor Force Status (Ref = Full Time)
Part Time		−0.144***	−0.134***	−0.120***
Unemployed		−0.338***	−0.329***	−0.341***
Marital Status (Ref = Married)
Never Married			−0.109**	−0.108**
Div./Sep.			0.068	0.075
Widowed			−0.090*	−0.082*
MSA Residence (Ref = Large MSA)
Medium				−0.098***
None				0.138***
Region (Ref = Northeast)
South				−0.158***
Midwest				−0.061*
West				−0.158***
Log-Lik.	−22767.5	−22717.5	−22706.8	−22625.2
BIC	45618.57	45591.74	45601.62	45552.73
Df	8	15	18	23

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.

Notes: All hazard models include a continuous control variable for years since survey. The results in this table represent survival rates. We use a negative sign on the skin tone coefficients when we exponentiate to estimate the ratio of the respective skin tone grouping-to-’white’ mortality hazards (e.g. ^exp-(b)).