Table 5.

Selected piecewise exponential hazard results for skin tone mortality disparities among 1982 GSS respondents stratified by education.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Panel A: Less Than High School
Intercept	6.957***	6.053***	5.901***	5.866***
Skin Tone (Ref: Color = 0)
Color 1 (Light)	0.121	0.139	0.108	0.270***
Color 2	−0.182***	−0.196***	−0.196***	−0.076
Color 3 (Dark)	0.204***	0.225***	0.231***	0.382***
Panel B: High School or More
Intercept	5.492***	3.704***	4.027***	4.068***
Skin Tone (Ref: Color = 0)
Color 1 (Light)	−0.176**	−0.206**	−0.184**	−0.193**
Color 2	−0.675***	−0.687***	−0.681***	−0.679***
Color 3 (Dark)	−0.580***	−0.569***	−0.565***	−0.550***
Controls
Age	Y	Y	Y	Y
Gender	Y	Y	Y	Y
Education	N	Y	Y	Y
Log HH Income	N	Y	Y	Y
Labor Force Status	N	Y	Y	Y
Marital Status	N	N	Y	Y
MSA Residence	N	N	N	Y
Region	N	N	N	Y

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.

Notes: All hazard models include a continuous control variable for years since survey. The results in this table represent survival rates. We use a negative sign on the skin tone coefficients when we exponentiate to estimate the ratio of the respective skin tone grouping-to-’white’ mortality hazards (e.g. ^exp-(b)).