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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 8.
Published in final edited form as: Med Care Res Rev. 2017 May 8;76(1):56–72. doi: 10.1177/1077558717707313
LDL1 change at 12
months (mg/dL)
Achievement of 12-
month LDL goal
Potency Increase Annual Adherence
Rate
Estimate (95% CI) Odds Ratio (95% CI) Odds Ratio (95% CI) Estimate (95% CI)
Age 0.08 (−0.18, 0.34) 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)** −0.001 (−0.003, 0.001)
Female gender 6.0 (1.5, 11)** 0.74 (0.56, 0.97)* 1.01 (0.77, 1.31) −0.024 (−0.062, 0.014)
Black race −1.1 (−7.0, 4.7) 0.95 (0.65, 1.39) 1.06 (0.75, 1.51) −0.048 (−0.098, 0.003)
Other race −1.2 (−12, 9.2) 0.72 (0.35, 1.46) 0.72 (0.37, 1.42) −0.072 (−0.15, 0.008)
Income <50,000 1.4 (−3.2, 6.1) 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) 1.12 (0.87, 1.43) 0.010 (−0.025, 0.045)
Education less than college −5.7 (−10, −1.4)* 1.41 (1.06, 1.88)* 1.03 (0.77, 1.36) 0.051 (0.016, 0.086)**
LDL at baseline −0.61 (−0.68, −0.53)** 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)** 1.01 (1.001, 1.01)* 0.002 (0.001, 0.002)**
FRS at baseline 20 (−4.7, 45) 0.36 (0.075, 1.71) 2.16 (0.47, 9.9) 0.16 (−0.057, 0.37)
CAD diagnosis −1.5 (−5.9, 2.9) 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) −0.028 (−0.066, 0.009)
No baseline medication 2.8 (−1.6, 7.1) 0.68 (0.52, 0.89)** 0.78 (0.59, 1.02) −0.29 (−0.33, −0.25)**
Patient incentive arm −2.5 (−8.2, 3.1) 1.37 (0.93, 2.00) 0.99 (0.65, 1.51) 0.092 (0.044, 0.14)**
Physician incentive arm −4.8 (−10, 0.65) 1.27 (0.89, 1.82) 1.33 (0.92, 1.93) 0.055 (0.002, 0.11)*
Shared incentive arm −9.8 (−15, −4.1)** 1.81 (1.29, 2.55)** 1.68 (1.14, 2.46)** 0.12 (0.072, 0.18)**
Medicaid 12 (−0.77, 25) 0.37 (0.15, 0.93)* 1.21 (0.61, 2.40) 0.001 (−0.10, 0.10)
Medicare −0.60 (−5.6, 4.4) 1.00 (0.74, 1.34) 0.97 (0.72, 1.32) −0.015 (−0.055, 0.025)
Uninsured 12 (3.3, 20)** 0.47 (0.26, 0.84)* 1.38 (0.83, 2.29) −0.054 (−0.12, 0.011)
Visits per year −0.15 (−0.64, 0.34) 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) 1.04 (1.01, 1.07)** −0.001 (−0.005, 0.004)
*

p<0.05;

**

p<0.01

SI conversion factor: To convert cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply values by 0.0259

Abbreviations:

1

low-density lipoprotein

2

Framingham Risk Score

3

coronary artery disease

Notes: Models of trial outcomes on patient characteristics and incentive arms, with interactions between all patient characteristics and incentive arms. Estimates and 95% confidence intervals are reported for the models of LDL change and adherence rate, while odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are reported for the models of LDL goal achievement and medication potency increase. The goal achievement model does not include interactions between payor and incentive arms, because the model would not converge when including these terms.