Table 4.
Food ingestion changes and analysis results over 6 weeks (two-way mixed analysis of variance results)
| Variable | Group | 0 Week | 1 Week | 2 Weeks | 3 Weeks | 4 Weeks | 5 Weeks | 6 Weeks | F | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients | |||||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | EX | 3,131±575 | 3,131±575 | 3,131±575 | 2,911±535 | 2,911±535 | 2,766±508 | 2,766±508 | T | 561.664 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 3,502±445 | 3,502±445 | 3,502±445 | 2,801±355 | 2,801±355 | 2,605±331 | 2,605±331 | G | 0.184 | 0.672 | |
| T×G | 495.812 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Protein (g/kg) | EX | 3.20±0.25 | 3.25±0.27 | 3.28±0.27 | 3.19±0.28 | 3.22±0.27 | 3.22±0.28 | 3.25±0.28 | T | 153.928 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 3.93±0.28 | 4.06±0.28 | 4.16±0.29 | 3.26±0.21 | 3.33±0.24 | 2.86±0.24 | 2.93±0.26 | G | 11.803 | 0.002 | |
| T×G | 106.007 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Carbohydrate (g/kg) | EX | 3.89±0.27 | 3.95±0.28 | 3.99±0.29 | 3.90±0.28 | 3.94±0.29 | 3.90±0.29 | 3.93±0.28 | T | 3,333.711 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 4.62±0.35 | 4.76±0.35 | 4.88±0.35 | 3.81±0.24 | 3.89±0.26 | 3.87±0.26 | 3.97±0.30 | G | 19.701 | 0.000 | |
| T×G | 804.986 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Lipid (g/kg) | EX | 0.18±0.02 | 0.19±0.02 | 0.19±0.02 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.16±0.02 | 0.16±0.02 | T | 104.895 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 0.45±0.06 | 0.46±0.07 | 0.47±0.07 | 0.17±0.05 | 0.18±0.05 | 0.15±0.04 | 0.15±0.04 | G | 28.704 | 0.000 | |
| T×G | 83.627 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Dietary fiber (g/day) | EX | 38.7±1.2 | 38.7±1.2 | 38.7±1.2 | 31.5±1.8 | 31.5±1.8 | 28.8±1.8 | 28.8±1.8 | T | 28,683.160 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 40.4±0.8 | 40.4±0.8 | 40.4±0.8 | 31.5±1.7 | 31.5±1.7 | 29.5±1.7 | 29.5±1.7 | G | 6.405 | 0.019 | |
| T×G | 139.413 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Water (L) | EX | 1.92±0.11 | 1.92±0.11 | 1.92±0.11 | 1.81±0.15 | 1.81±0.15 | 1.65±0.12 | 1.65±0.12 | T | 945.261 | 0.066 |
| TRAD | 1.93±0.14 | 1.93±0.14 | 1.93±0.14 | 1.78±0.09 | 1.78±0.09 | 1.65±0.17 | 1.65±0.17 | G | 0.011 | 0.919 | |
| T×G | 1.898 | 0.174 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Macrominerals | |||||||||||
| Calcium Ca (mg/day) | EX | 365.1±31.1 | 365.1±31.1 | 365.1±31.1 | 320.6±46.5 | 320.6±46.5 | 310.2±47.2 | 310.2±47.2 | T | 611.091 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 601.3±114.8 | 601.3±114.8 | 601.3±114.8 | 387.4±122.4 | 387.4±122.4 | 336.4±103.0 | 336.4±103.0 | G | 14.787 | 0.391 | |
| T×G | 263.047 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Phosphorus P (g/day) | EX | 3.0±0.36 | 3.0±0.36 | 3.0±0.36 | 2.2±0.36 | 2.2±0.30 | 2.19±0.30 | 2.19±0.30 | T | 2,067.824 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 3.33±0.21 | 3.33±0.21 | 3.33±0.21 | 2.2±0.21 | 2.2±0.28 | 2.3±0.28 | 2.3±0.28 | G | 4.356 | 0.048 | |
| T×G | 28.339 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Sodium (g/day) | EX | 0.51±0.09 | 0.51±0.09 | 0.51±0.09 | 0.33±0.04 | 0.33±0.04 | 0.30±0.04 | 0.30±0.04 | T | 1,760.178 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 1.50±0.16 | 1.50±0.16 | 1.50±0.16 | 0.42±0.15 | 0.42±0.15 | 0.34±0.10 | 0.34±0.10 | G | 111.725 | 0.000 | |
| T×G | 875.831 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Potassium K (g/day) | EX | 9.63±0.75 | 9.63±0.75 | 9.63±0.75 | 7.90±0.70 | 7.90±0.70 | 7.20±0.72 | 7.20±0.72 | T | 2,630.723 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 9.34±0.44 | 9.34±0.44 | 9.34±0.44 | 7.90±0.70 | 7.90±0.70 | 7.50±0.68 | 7.50±0.68 | G | 0.053 | 0.820 | |
| T×G | 43.876 | 0.000 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Antioxidants | |||||||||||
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | EX | 266.1±18.0d,e,f,g) | 266.1±18.0d,e,f,g) | 266.1±18.0d,e,f,g) | 255.9±20.2f,g) | 255.9±20.2f,g) | 248.0±21.0 | 248.0±21.0 | T | 127.489 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 262.9±34.0 | 262.9±34.0 | 262.9±34.0 | 248.5±23.6f,g) | 248.5±23.6f,g) | 242.3±22.3 | 242.3±22.3 | G | 0.307 | 0.585 | |
| T×G | 1.388 | 0.270 | |||||||||
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | EX | 16.7±2.7 | 16.7±2.7 | 16.7±2.7 | 15.7±2.8 | 15.7±2.8 | 14.4±2.7 | 14.4±2.7 | T | 76.045 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 16.4±3.0 | 16.4±3.0 | 16.4±3.0 | 14.6±2.3 | 14.6±2.3 | 13.7±2.5 | 13.7±2.5 | G | 0.380 | 0.544 | |
| T×G | 4.231 | 0.028 | |||||||||
| Selenium SE (μg/day) | EX | 229.3±35.9 | 229.3±35.9 | 229.3±35.9 | 145.9±35.9 | 145.9±28.7 | 152.3±28.7 | 152.3±28.7 | T | 2,925.976 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 305.3±20.4 | 305.3±20.4 | 305.3±20.4 | 145.9±20.4 | 145.9±27.3 | 163.7±27.3 | 163.7±27.3 | G | 19.003 | 0.000 | |
| T×G | 255.252 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Beta- carotene (mg/day) | EX | 989.3±31.8 | 989.3±31.8 | 989.3±31.8 | 2,176.7±46.5 | 2,176.7±46.5 | 2,409.0±47.6 | 2,409.0±47.6 | T | 840,378.500 | 0.000 |
| TRAD | 910.1±20.1 | 910.1±20.1 | 910.1±20.1 | 2,176.7±41.3 | 2,176.7±41.3 | 2,427.8±45.2 | 2,427.8±45.2 | G | 8.358 | 0.008 | |
| T×G | 911.103 | 0.000 | |||||||||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. n=25 (EX, n=13; TRAD, n=12).
EX, experimental group (6%±2% weight reduction); TRAD, traditional group (16%±4% weight reduction); G, group; T, time; G×T, interaction effect; BMI, body mass index.
0 week.
1 week.
2 weeks.
3 weeks.
4 weeks.
5 weeks.
6 weeks.
All weeks.
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of protein for individuals in the age range of 20–40 is 0.84 g/kg/day. Adequate intake (AI) of dietary fiber is 29–31 g/day. Daily RDA of calcium (Ca) is 700 mg. Daily RDA of phosphorus (P) is 700 mg (upper limit=3,500 mg). Daily AI of sodium (Na) is 1.5 g/day. Daily AI of potassium (K) is 4.7 g/day. Daily RDA of Vitamin C is 100 mg/day. Daily AI of Vitamin E is 10 mg/day. Daily RDA of selenium is 50 μg/day. (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans by the Korean Nutrition Society, 2005).