Table 3.

Causal relation between personality and empathy depending on the level of low involvement

Hypothesis	Path coefficient	Standard error	t-value	Adopted or dismissed
Self-confidence → Emotional positive sharing	0.086	0.262	0.329	Dismissed
Self-confidence → Emotional contagion	−0.827	0.594	−1.392	Dismissed
Self-confidence → Emotional involvement	−0.422	0.429	−0.985	Dismissed
Positive attitude → Emotional positive sharing	1.291	0.573	2.253*	Adopted
Positive attitude → Emotional contagion	3.619	1.335	2.711**	Adopted
Positive attitude → Emotional involvement	2.670	0.971	2.751**	Adopted
Community spirit → Emotional positive sharing	−0.231	0.246	−0.938	Dismissed
Community spirit → Emotional contagion	−0.537	0.507	−1.059	Dismissed
Community spirit → Emotional involvement	−0.359	0.371	−0.968	Dismissed

^*P<0.05.

^**P<0.01.