Table 4.

Causal relation between personality and empathy depending on the level of intermediate involvement

Hypothesis	Path coefficient	Standard error	t-value	Adopted or dismissed
Self-confidence → Emotional positive sharing	0.175	0.168	1.038	Dismissed
Self-confidence → Emotional contagion	−0.118	0.326	−0.362	Dismissed
Self-confidence → Emotional involvement	0.159	0.204	0.779	Dismissed
Positive attitude → Emotional positive sharing	0.388	0.113	3.438***	Adopted
Positive attitude → Emotional contagion	1.341	0.285	4.707***	Adopted
Positive attitude → Emotional involvement	0.794	0.174	4.553***	Adopted
Community spirit → Emotional positive sharing	0.350	0.201	1.742	Dismissed
Community spirit → Emotional contagion	−0.384	0.371	−1.034	Dismissed
Community spirit → Emotional involvement	−0.126	0.227	−0.553	Dismissed

^***P<0.001.