Figure 3.
Results GWAS and validations for resistance to deltamethrin. A- Manhattan plot describing the results of the main GWAS on deltamethrin resistance (including 195 DGRP lines). Light green dots represent the SNPs with a p-value below a 10−5 threshold. The locis mainly responsible for the variation in resistance to deltamethrin exposure were located in the Cyp6a23 gene or its direct proximity, within the Cyp6a cluster. Inlet graph represents a magnification of the results and suggests that Cyp6a23 and Cyp6a17 were the most likely candidates. B- Mean survival of lines variants for the validated candidate genes Cyp6a23 for resistance to deltamethrin. Colors represent five replicated experiments. C- Cyp6a23 is part of a cluster of genes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family. The phylogeny represents the already suggested hypothesis that Cyp6a23 and Cyp6a17 are two neighboring paralogous genes issued from a recent duplication. D- Validation of the candidate genes of our GWAS. White dots represent the wildtype genotypes, black dots the loss-of-function mutants and blue dots the downregulation of the genes. Non-significant effects are indicated by “ns”, p-values below 0.01 are indicated by ** and p-values below 0.001 are indicated by ***. Details of the statistics are summarized in Table S6 and S7.