Table 2.

Phenolic contents in C. paliurus from sampling locations (JZS, MC, WF, MW, and SN) (mg/g, mean ± SD). JZS from Jinzhongshan, Guangxi province; MC from Muchuan, Sichuan province; WF from Wufeng, Hubei province; MW from Meiwu, Zhejiang province; SN from Suining, Hunan province. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05 by Duncan’s test) between locations (n = 3) (nd, not detected).

Compounds	LOD (ng/mL)	LOQ (ng/mL)	JZS (mg/g)	MC (mg/g)	WF (mg/g)	MW (mg/g)	SN (mg/g)
3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (P1)	64.25	214.21	0.35 ± 0.011b	1.38 ± 0.153a	0.39 ± 0.003b	0.45 ± 0.028b	0.31 ± 0.003b
4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (P2)	57.93	197.58	0.03 ± 0.001d	0.08 ± 0.003c	0.28 ± 0.003a	0.11 ± 0.003b	0.08 ± 0.002c
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (P3)	58.97	201.22	0.05 ± 0.003d	0.10 ± 0.001c	0.42 ± 0.028a	0.16 ± 0.003b	0.08 ± 0.003cd
quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (F1)	40.28	128.74	2.15 ± 0.010b	1.57 ± 0.006d	2.11 ± 0.003c	2.38 ± 0.005a	0.78 ± 0.003e
quercetin-3-O-galactoside (F2)	52.94	174.17	0.47 ± 0.005c	0.24 ± 0.003d	0.52 ± 0.003b	0.57 ± 0.005a	0.20 ± 0.003e
isoquercitrin (F3)	58.42	192.52	0.22 ± 0.005b	0.32 ± 0.006a	0.18 ± 0.006c	0.21 ± 0.013b	0.08 ± 0.001d
kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide (F4)	43.98	153.14	1.33 ± 0.001b	0.86 ± 0.001d	1.88 ± 0.001a	0.95 ± 0.001c	0.51 ± 0.001e
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (F5)	53.85	187.37	0.18 ± 0.001b	0.20 ± 0.001a	0.12 ± 0.001c	0.08 ± 0.001d	0.05 ± 0.001e
quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (F6)	62.48	199.32	0.23 ± 0.001a	0.11 ± 0.001d	0.20 ± 0.001b	0.19 ± 0.001c	nd
kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (F7)	64.13	211.81	2.30 ± 0.001a	1.39 ± 0.001d	1.78 ± 0.001b	1.50 ± 0.006c	0.68 ± 0.001e
total phenolic acids (TPA)	-	-	0.43 ± 0.014c	1.57 ± 0.154a	1.09 ± 0.023b	0.71 ± 0.034c	0.47 ± 0.007c
total flavonoids (TF)	-	-	6.88 ± 0.011a	4.70 ± 0.003d	6.80 ± 0.006b	5.90 ± 0.008c	2.30 ± 0.003e
total phenolics (TPC)	-	-	7.31 ± 0.025b	6.27 ± 0.152d	7.89 ± 0.017a	6.61 ± 0.042c	2.77 ± 0.008e