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Electrochemical DNA biosensors based on graphene nanomaterials. (a) Nyquist plots for the graphene-based sensing platform under pure graphene surface, hpDNA, complementary target and noncomplementary target [96]; (b) Schematic representation of graphene functionalization with PTCA, ssDNA immobilization, and hybridization [100]; (c) DNA hybridization on PDI/graphene platform [103]; (d) The preparation processes of NF/CHT-ARGO/GCE and the corresponding TEM images for each step [113].
