Table 1.

Molecular targets modulated by fangchinoline in in vitro and in vivo models of cancer.

Cancer Types	Concentration Range Tested	Pathways/Molecules Altered	References
A549 lung adenocarcinoma	10–40 µM	FAK ↓; FAK-paxillin/MMP-2&-9 ↓; FAK-Akt ↓; FAK-MEK-ERK1&2 ↓	[29]
MG63 and U20S bone cancer	10–30 µM	PI3K ↓; Cyclin D1 ↓; MMP2&9 ↓; Akt ↓; Caspase3 &8 ↑	[28]
MDA-MB-231 breast cancer	6.25–100 µM	MMP-2&-9 ↓ Expression of NF-κB ↓ Phosphorylated Akt ↓ IκB protein ↑	[25,56,87]
SPC-A-1 lung adenocarcinoma	2.5–10 µM	G0/G1 phase Arrest ↓	[36]
T24 and 5637 bladder cancer	2.5–40 µM	Caspase-3 ↓ LC3-II/LC3-I ratio ↑ p62 ↓ mTOR ↓ Intracellular ATP level ↓	[32]
PC3 prostate cancer	10–30 µM	G1/S phase ↓ Cyclin-D ↓ PCNA ↓ p27 expression ↑	[30]
U87MG and U118MG GBM	10–30 µM	Akt/p21 ↓ Akt/BAD ↓ Akt/MMP2&9↓	[34]
HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 hepatocellular carcinoma	2–10 μM	p53 ↑ Sestrin2 ↑ AMP ↑	[57]
AGS gastric cancer	0–60 μM	Akt↓ MMP2&9 ↓ TIMP1&2 ↑	[33]
A375 and A875 melanoma	10–20 μM	FAK ↓	[40]
MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 pancreatic cancer	0–15 μM	NR4A1 ↓ Survivin ↓ Sp-1 ↓	[55]

FAK: Focal adhesion kinase. MMP2&9: Matrix metalloproteinases. Akt: Protein kinase B. MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases. ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases. PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase. NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. IκB protein: NF-κB transcription factor inhibitor. LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3. p62: Nucleoporin p62. mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate. PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen. p27: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B. BAD: Bcl-2-associated death promoter. NR4A1: Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 of the nerve growth factor IB. Sp-1: Specificity protein 1, p53: Phosphoprotein, cellular tumor antigen. AMP: Adenosine monophosphate. TIMP: Metallopeptidase inhibitor 1. ↑: Upregulation. ↓: Downregulation.