osteoconductivity |
heat-treated birch wood |
none |
heat treatment of wood increases osteoconductivity |
Rekola et al. 2009 [91] |
scaffold fabrication |
alginate-lignin aerogel (lignin from wheat straw by enzymatic hydrolysis) |
none |
fluid uptake in Tris-HCl buffer of >1600%, good biocompatibility |
Quraishi et al. 2015 [92] |
scaffold fabrication |
starch, lignin (from Kraft lignin) or hemicellulose |
none |
hydrogels produced by reactive extrusion show pH dependent swelling behavior (water uptake at pH 9: from 400 to 1400%); the amount of citric acid used as cross-linker also influences both swelling and degradation of the hydrogels. Additional catalysts used during extrusion slow down degradation |
Farhat et al. 2017 [94] |
scaffold fabrication |
agarose-lignin composites (lignin from Kraft black liquor) |
none |
crosslinked agarose-lignin hydrogels exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared to pure agarose gels |
Techato et al. 2018 [95] |
influencing mechanical properties |
lignin-chitosan microfibers |
none |
improving mechanical properties of chitosan fibers by adding 3% lignin |
Wang et al. 2016 [97] |
influencing mechanical properties |
poly(lactic acid) with lignin as filler (Kraft lignin) |
none |
lignin as filler does not decrease storage modulus, but inhibits PLA crystallization |
Anwer et al. 2015 [98] |
influencing mechanical properties |
poly(lactic acid) with up to 15% lignin as filler (Organosolv lignin from birch wood and Kraft lignin from softwood) |
none |
higher lignin content leads to higher tensile strength, but also slightly decreased water sorption capacity. Organosolv lignin yields slightly better mechanical results; good biocompatibility against SaOS-2 cells regardless of lignin type |
Tanase et al. 2018 [99] |
influencing mechanical properties |
lignin-based copolymer/polyester blend nanofibers (alkali lignin) |
none |
mechanical improvement dependent on polyester, good antioxidant activity and biocompatibility against NIH/3T3 fibroblasts |
Kai et al. 2017 [100] |
bioactive coating for implants |
hydroxyapatite/lignin composite coatings on titanium (Organosolv lignin) |
doping of silver for antimicrobial effect |
HA coatings on Ti were non-cytotoxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Ag-doped coatings showed antibacterial behavior against S. aureus
|
Erakovic et al. 2014 [101] |