Table 2.

Modifications carried out by prokaryotes in the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of the cellular membrane under varying growth conditions.

FA Modification	Effect	Microorganism	Reference
fatty acyl chain length	growth at different temperatures	Micrococcus cryophilus, Shewanella oneidensis, Escherichia coli	[49,50,51]
	growth in deep-sea	barophilic bacteria	[52]
	adaptation to the presence of organic compounds	Rhodococcus erythropolis	[53]
unsaturation	growth at different temperatures, pH, pressure, salinity, in the presence of organic solvents	archaea and bacteria	[43,54,55]
polyunsaturation	growth in deep-sea	Alteromonas sp., Shewanella sp.	[56,57,58]
	rapid adaptation to increased salinity and extreme conditions	Rhodococcus erythropolis	[59,60]
cis-trans isomerization	fast adaptation to environmental conditions when growth is inhibited	Pseudomonas and Vibrio	[61,62]
branching at iso or anteiso position	growth at different temperatures	Listeria monocytogenes	[63]
	persistence to high concentrations of antibiotics	Staphylococcus aureus	[64]
	growth temperature and presence of phenols	Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus	[65]
cyclopropanation	persistence and virulence of the cells	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	[66]
	osmotic tolerance	Pseudomunas halosaccharolytic	[67]
	growth at different temperature and pH	Rhodococcus erythropolis, Salmonella typhimurium	[60,68]
polyunsaturated fatty acids associated to phosphatidylglycerol	growth in the Marianas Trench at 11,000 m	Barophilic bacteria DB21MT-2 and DB21MT-5	[51]
composition of the alkyl and acyl chains in glycerol ether lipids	growth at different temperatures	Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans, D. alkenivorans, Thermodesulfobacterium commune	[69]