Table 1.
Clinical and Vascular Characteristics
| Nondiabetic (n=37) | Diabetic (n=42) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age, y | 49±8 | 51±9 | 0.34 |
| Female sex, % | 32 | 55a | 0.048 |
| Black race, % | 73 | 76 | 0.795 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.9±7.9 | 37.3±8.9a | 0.001b |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189±44 | 190±51 | 0.942 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 125±31 | 119±41 | 0.471 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52±15 | 44±13a | 0.06b |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 93.9±43 | 133±86a | 0.07b |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 86.7±11 | 190±99a | <0.001b |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.4±0.3 | 8.5±2.5a | <0.001b |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 133±17 | 133±17 | 0.777b |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 83±13 | 81±13 | 0.383b |
| Hypertension, % | 13 | 67a | 0.000b |
| Smoking, % | 38 | 38 | 0.981 |
| Antiplatelet therapy, % | 3 | 17a | 0.038 |
| Lipid‐lowering therapy, % | 8 | 45a | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, % | 5 | 50a | <0.001 |
| Metformin, % | 0 | 69a | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylureas, % | 0 | 24a | 0.002 |
| Insulin therapy, % | 0 | 26a | 0.001 |
| Vascular function | |||
| Baseline diameter, mm | 4.20±1.1 | 4.32±0.8 | 0.93b |
| Baseline flow, mL/min | 150±149 | 172±104 | 0.079b |
| Hyperemic flow, mL/min | 1206±797 | 1055±594 | 0.461b |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, % | 9.8±5.7 | 6.1±3.3a | 0.03b |
| Flow‐mediated dilation, mm | 0.41±0.05 | 0.25±0.03 | 0.004b |
| Nitroglycerin‐mediated dilation | 11.7±7.6 | 11.7±5.9 | 0.975 |
| Baseline flow velocity | 15.2±10.6 | 22.3±34.5 | 0.185b |
| Hyperemic flow velocity | 110.8±52.7 | 91.8±70.9 | 0.118b |
Data are expressed as mean±SD. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.
a
A two‐tailed P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
b
Mann‐Whitney test to compare patients with diabetes mellitus and controls; others by chi‐square test or t test as appropriate.