Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population between surviving and dead patients
| Overall n=52,338 | Alive n=38,164 (72.9%) | Dead n=14,174 (27.1%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac History | ||||
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 82.4±8.0 | 82.2±7.8 | 82.9±8.3 | <0.001 |
| Men, no. of pts (%) | 27,147 (51.9) | 19,444 (50.1) | 7,703 (54.3) | <0.001 |
| White race, no. of pts (%) | 48,635 (92.9) | 35,414 (92.8) | 13,221 (93.3) | 0.067 |
| Chronic heart failure, no. of pts (%) | 39,416 (75.3) | 27,982 (73.3) | 11,434 (80.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, no. of pts (%) | 19,062 (36.4) | 13,915 (36.5) | 5,147 (36.3) | 0.15 |
| Smoker, no. of pts (%) | 16,679 (31.9) | 12,667 (33.2) | 4,012 (28.3) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease without revascularization, no. of pts (%) | 37,770 (72.2) | 27,783 (72.8) | 9,987 (70.5) | <0.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction, no. of pts (%) | 8,419 (16.1) | 6,057 (15.9) | 2,362 (16.7) | 0.028 |
| Prior percutaneous coronary intervention, no. of pts (%) | 11,465 (21.9) | 8,693 (22.8) | 2,772 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Prior valvular surgery, no. of pts (%) | 855 (1.6) | 649 (1.7) | 206 (1.5) | 0.047 |
| Prior aortic surgery, no. of pts (%) | 211 (0.4) | 140 (0.4) | 71 (0.5) | 0.031 |
| Prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery, no. of pts (%) | 12,073 (23.1) | 9,133 (23.9) | 2,940 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, no. of pts (%) | 5,382 (10.3) | 3,853 (10.1) | 1,529 (10.8) | 0.021 |
| Atrial fibrillation, no. of pts (%) | 24,567 (46.9) | 16,671 (43.7) | 7,896 (55.7) | <0.001 |
| Center bundle branch block, no. of pts (%) | 5,502 (10.5) | 4,323 (11.3) | 1,179 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| Right bundle branch block, no. of pts (%) | 2,000 (3.8) | 1,555 (4.1) | 445 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, no. of pts (%) | 7,230 (13.8) | 5,108 (13.4) | 2,122 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Tricuspid valve disorders, no. of pts (%) | 4,557 (8.7) | 3,177 (8.3%) | 1,380 (9.7%) | <0.001 |
| Endocarditis, no. of pts (%) | 45 (0.1) | 23 (0.1) | 22 (0.2) | 0.001 |
| Aortic aneurysm, no. of pts (%) | 1,876 (3.6) | 1,283 (3.4) | 593 (4.2) | 0.001 |
| Non-Cardiac History | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease without dialysis, no. of pts (%) | 21,071 (40.3) | 14,113 (37.0) | 6,958 (49.1) | <0.001 |
| Renal dialysis, no. of pts (%) | 1,269 (2.4) | 714 (1.9) | 555 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease, no. of pts (%) | 1,915 (3.7) | 1,042 (2.7) | 873 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, no. of pts (%) | 17,566 (33.6) | 12,226 (32.0) | 5,340 (37.7) | <0.001 |
| Home O2, no. of pts (%) | 3,551 (6.8) | 2,207 (5.8) | 1,344 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism, no. of pts (%) | 11,456 (21.9) | 8,311 (21.8) | 3,145 (22.2) | 0.31 |
| Coagulopathy, no. of pts (%) | 10,285 (19.7) | 6,973 (18.3) | 3,312 (23.4) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, no. of pts (%) | 7,852 (15.0) | 6,197 (16.2) | 1,655 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Anemia, no. of pts (%) | 26,328 (50.3) | 18,282 (47.9) | 8,046 (56.8) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, (mean±SD) | 3.30±1.87 | 3.14±1.83 | 3.74±1.92 | <0.001 |
| Procedural Characteristics | ||||
| Emergency admission, no. of pts (%) | 3,819 (7.3) | 2,396 (6.3) | 1,423 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Urgent admission, no. of pts (%) | 7,377 (14.1) | 4,927 (12.9) | 2,450 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Transapical, no. of pts (%) | 8,071 (15.4) | 5,218 (13.7) | 2,853 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| Pre-procedural shock, no. of pts (%) | 1,423 (2.7) | 535 (1.4) | 888 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-Traditional Frailty Markers | ||||
| Impaired mobility, no. of pts (%) | 314 (0.6) | 212 (0.6) | 102 (0.7) | 0.031 |
| Depression, no. of pts (%) | 4,243 (8.1) | 3,099 (8.1) | 1,144 (8.1) | 0.85 |
| Parkinson’s Disease, no. of pts (%) | 717 (1.4) | 517 (1.4) | 200 (1.4) | 0.62 |
| Arthritis (Any Type), no. of pts (%) | 7,290 (13.9) | 5,537 (14.5) | 1,753 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive Impairment, no. of pts (%) | 4,924 (9.4) | 3,381 (8.9) | 1,543 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Paranoia, no. of pts (%) | 493 (0.9) | 326 (0.9) | 167 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic Skin Ulcer, no. of pts (%) | 1,283 (2.5) | 629 (1.6) | 654 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia, no. of pts (%) | 1,782 (3.5) | 777 (2.0) | 1,005 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Falls, no. of pts (%) | 60 (0.1) | 36 (0.1) | 24 (0.1) | 0.20 |
| Skin and Soft Tissue Infections, no. of pts (%) | 515 (1.0) | 304 (0.8) | 211 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Mycoses, no. of pts (%) | 748 (1.4) | 379 (1.0) | 369 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Gout or Other Crystal-Induced Arthropathies, no. of pts (%) | 3,309 (6.3) | 2,387 (6.3) | 922 (6.5) | 0.30 |
| Musculosketal Problems, no. of pts (%) | 8,101 (15.5) | 6,244 (16.4) | 1,857 (13.1) | <0.001 |
| Urinary Tract Infection, no. of pts (%) | 4,888 (9.3) | 3,032 (7.9) | 1,856 (13.1) | <0.001 |
SD = standard deviation