Figure 1. mTOR/AMPK signaling crosstalk.

Signaling by mTOR and AMPK integrates changes in the cellular environment linked to growth factors, nutrient, oxygen and energy availability, excitotoxicity (Ca²⁺) and stress (oxidative stress). Five major points of convergence include: 1) the transcriptional regulation of genes linked to cell survival/death, proteostasis, redox balance and bioenergetics; 2) metabolism (central carbon and bioenergetics); 3) autophagy; 4) mRNA translation and protein synthesis; and 5) cell survival and growth (AKT). Arrows indicate activation. Stop lines indicate inhibition. Phosphorylation events (P) are color coded according to the kinase involved in phosphorylating the corresponding targeted protein. White background/colored “P” highlights an inhibitory effect; Colored background/white P highlights an stimulatory (activation) effect. A detailed explanation of the phosphorylation events is included in the Supplementary Table 1. Additional crosstalk might involve indirect pathways not highlighted in this figure.