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. 2018 Nov 15;14(11):1865–1878. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.7482

Figure 1. Sleep disturbances and correlation with postconcussive and PTSD symptom severity.

Figure 1

(A) Symptom severity for insomnia determined by ISI scores (0 to 28, higher = worse insomnia). (B) Functional outcomes of sleep, determined by the FOSQ-10 (5–40, lower = worse outcomes). For both A and B, participants in the TBI+PTSD group (black bar, n = 58) or PTSD group (dark gray bar, n = 106) had significantly worse scores than those in the TBI group (light gray bar, n = 59) or neither group (white bar, n = 326). Symbols indicate statistical significance: * = P < .05 versus neither group, † = P < .05 versus TBI group. (C) The correlation between ISI scores and postconcussive symptom severity determined by the RPQ (n = 106, r = .53, P < .001). (D) PTSD symptom severity determined by the PCL-5 (n = 164, r = .46, P < .001). The number of participants reported for each group are slightly less than group totals presented elsewhere due to participants not completing or missing specific questions that preclude obtaining a meaningful total score. FOSQ-10 = Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10, ISI = Insomnia Severity Index, PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder, RPQ = Rivermead Post Concussion Questionnaire, TBI = traumatic brain injury.