Table 1.
Fit indices and likelihood-ratio tests of IRT models of 22-item FSCRS
| Sample | Model | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | AIC | BIC | LogLik | χ2 (df) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUS | 2-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.049 | 0.064 | 16 030 | 15 976 | −7 844 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.051 | 0.057 | 15 953 | 15 894 | −7 801 | 86.80 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.036 | 0.051 | 15 945 | 15 835 | −7 746 | 108.73 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.049 | 0.064 | 15 927 | 15 813 | -7 734 | 24.41 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| CAN | 2-factor | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.058 | 0.065 | 19 821 | 19 814 | −9 753 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.065 | 0.059 | 19 711 | 19 701 | −9 694 | 118.13 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.052 | 0.055 | 19 615 | 19 678 | −9 656 | 75.96 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | NC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| CH | 2-factor | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.038 | 0.086 | 12 339 | 12 158 | −5 953 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.047 | 0.058 | 12 306 | 12 114 | −5 929 | 48.38 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.044 | 0.041 | 12 294 | 12 107 | −5 904 | 50.27 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | NC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| ISR | 2-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.049 | 0.084 | 22 809 | 22 850 | −11 259 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.046 | 0.076 | 22 588 | 22 628 | −11 145 | 227.93 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.053 | 0.065 | 22 530 | 22 557 | −11 081 | 127.54 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.048 | 0.064 | 22 490 | 22 517 | −11 060 | 43.08 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| ITA | 2-factor | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.054 | 0.070 | 20 048 | 20 037 | −9 869 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.054 | 0.065 | 19 957 | 19 955 | −9 819 | 98.65 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.056 | 0.058 | 19 941 | 19 912 | −9 771 | 96.53 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.058 | 0.065 | 19 918 | 19 887 | −9 757 | 27.92 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| JAP | 2-factor | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.056 | 0.081 | 14 802 | 14 683 | −7 208 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.057 | 0.077 | 14 740 | 14 614 | −7 171 | 73.58 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.065 | 0.067 | 14 729 | 14 585 | −7 134 | 75.33 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | NC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NL | 2-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.042 | 0.063 | 18 878 | 18 859 | −9 279 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.042 | 0.056 | 18 799 | 18 777 | −9 235 | 87.90 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.034 | 0.046 | 18 765 | 18 708 | −9 174 | 120.92 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | NC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| POR | 2-factor | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.057 | 0.072 | 36 972 | 37 096 | −18 356 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.063 | 0.064 | 36 749 | 36 875 | −18 242 | 228.28 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.048 | 0.059 | 36 575 | 36 712 | −18 127 | 228.42 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.047 | 0.078 | 36 515 | 36 653 | −18 096 | 62.70 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| SVK | 2-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.041 | 0.067 | 74 079 | 74 635 | −36 918 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.044 | 0.056 | 73 709 | 74 274 | −36 731 | 375.31 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.041 | 0.056 | 73 653 | 73 889 | −36 680 | 102.13 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.043 | 0.062 | 73 464 | 73 701 | −36 584 | 191.77 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| TAI | 2-factor | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.048 | 0.071 | 20208 | 20 223 | −9 952 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.050 | 0.066 | 20 067 | 20 079 | −9 878 | 148.34 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.044 | 0.053 | 19 989 | 19 979 | −9 801 | 154.44 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | NC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| UK1 | 2-factor | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.054 | 0.055 | 82 363 | 82 589 | −41 062 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.053 | 0.045 | 81 857 | 82 445 | −40 807 | 510.71 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.045 | 0.048 | 81 552 | 82 235 | −40 632 | 350.20 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.054 | 0.040 | 81 484 | 82 006 | −40 491 | 280.53 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| UK2 | 2-factor | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.053 | 0.060 | 46 289 | 46 436 | −23 018 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.049 | 0.049 | 45 909 | 46 057 | −22 825 | 386.18 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.044 | 0.045 | 45 714 | 45 879 | −22 702 | 245.77 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 45 685 | 45 850 | −22 685 | 32.94 (1) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| USA | 2-factor | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.054 | 0.084 | 17 682 | 17 638 | −8 673 | – | – |
| 3-factor | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.062 | 0.070 | 17 462 | 17 415 | −8 559 | 228.54 (2) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| bifactor | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.059 | 0.070 | 17 435 | 17 411 | −8 532 | 54.10 (19) | ˂ 0.001 | |
| two-tier | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.064 | 0.080 | 17 413 | 17 376 | −8 513 | 37.18 (1) | ˂ 0.001 |
AUS Australia (N = 319); CAN Canada (N = 383); CH Switzerland (N = 230); ISR Israel (N = 476); ITA Italy (N = 389); JAP Japan (N = 264); NL Netherlands (N = 360); POR Portugal (N = 764); SVK Slovakia (N = 1326); TAI Taiwan (N = 417); UK1 United Kingdom 1 (N = 1570); UK2 United Kingdom 2 (N = 883) and USA (N = 331)