Table 4. Seasonality of human infectious diseases (continued from Tables 1–3).

Drivers categorized as being related to (a) vector seasonality, (c) seasonal climate (e.g., temperature, precipitation, etc.), (h) seasonal flare-up/symptoms and/or remission/latency, (i) observed seasonal incidence with no hypotheses regarding drivers.

Infection/disease	Type	Seasonal driver(s)	Description
TB	Chronic	c and h	Approximately 24% more TB notifications in the summer verses the winter (in the UK) [71]
Typhoid fever	Acute	i and c*	Peaks around July (in China) [72]
Viral meningitis	Acute	i	Higher in the summer, when enterovirus transmission peaks (in Israel) [73]
West Nile virus	Acute	a and c	Peaks July through August in the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere [74]
Yaws	Chronic	h	More cases in the wet season; hypothesized to be due to more clinical relapse during the wet season; transmission may be relatively constant throughout the year [75]
Yellow fever	Acute	a and c	Seasonal changes in the distribution and density of the vector Aedes aegypti; transmission peak was historically in autumn (in the Americas) [76]
Zika	Acute	a and c	Seasonal changes in incidence are expected to be driven by seasonal fluctuations in the vector population (the A. aegypti mosquito) [77]

Since seasonal timing may differ among geographic areas, study location is indicated in parentheses.

*Indicated by author.

Abbreviation: TB, tuberculosis.