Table 1.

Baseline characteristics by long-term opioid abstinence groups (n=699)

	Abstinence from heroin		Abstinence from heroin and other opioids		Total
	Yes (n=232)	No (n=467)	Yes (n=145)	No (n=554)	(n=699)
Years of follow Up, Mean (SD)	6.9 (1.0)	6.6 (1.0)	6.9 (1.0)	6.6 (1.0)	6.7 (1.0)
Years of abstinence Mean (SD)	6.4 (1.0)	1.4 (1.5)	6.4 (0.9)	1.2 (1.4)	2.3 (2.5)
Age at baseline (%)
18-24	16.0	15.9	20.0	14.8	15.9
25-34	37.1	29.1	37.2	30.3	31.8
35-44	16.8	23.1	14.5	22.7	21.0
45-54	23.7	25.7	21.4	26.0	25.0
55+	6.5	6.2	6.9	6.1	6.3
Age, Mean (SD)	36.4 (11.2)	37.9 (11.1)	35.4 (11.6)	37.9 (11.0)*	37.4 (11.2)
Gender (%)
Female	39.7	32.3	33.8	35.0	34.8
Race/ethnicity (%)
White	76.7	70.5	80.00	70.6*	72.5
African American	8.2	10.1	7.6	9.9	9.4
Hispanic	7.3	13.5*	2.8	13.7**	11.4
Other	7.8	6.0	9.7	5.8	6.6
West coast (%)	53.0	65.7**	47.6	65.2**	61.5
Randomized to BUP (%)	50.4	59.7*	49.7	58.5	56.7
Number of diseases, Mean (SD)
Medical	1.5 (1.3)	1.6 (1.3)	1.4 (1.3)	1.6 (1.3)	1.5 (1.3)
Psychiatric	2.1 (1.6)	2.4 (1.7)	2.0 (1.6)	2.4 (1.7)*	2.3 (1.7)
Smoker at baseline (%)	84.9	91.9**	85.5	90.6	89.6
In past 30 days, self-reported use of... (%)
Alcohol	35.5	28.5	32.6	30.3	30.8
Drugs by injection	48.9	74.1**	54.9	68.6**	65.8
Opiates	97.4	99.1	97.9	98.7	98.6
Positive urine testing (%)
Cocaine	23.3	38.1**	28.3	34.5	33.2
Amphetamine	4.3	5.4	2.8	5.6	5.0
Cannabis	22.4	18.8	21.4	19.7	20.0

Note. Abstinence from heroin: no heroin use during five years prior to the participants’ last self-reported record from the TLFB; Abstinence from heroin and other opioids: no heroin and other opioids use during the 5 years prior to the participants’ last self-reported record from the TLFB. BUP: Buprenorphine/naloxone. Self-reported opiates in past 30 days at baseline: includes heroin, Demerol, Codeine, Dilaudid.

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01.