Table 4.

The associations between opioid abstinence and impulsivity, and between abstinence and social support, stratified by gender and age group (n=699)

		Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Stratum		Abstinence from heroin	Abstinence from heroin and other opioids
Impulsivity (<60 vs. ≥60)
Gender	Male	1.69 (1.02, 2.78)*	1.72 (0.98, 3.03)
	Female	2.78 (1.43, 5.56)*	3.33 (1.47, 7.69)*
	P†	0.06	0.04
Age group	18-30	2.70 (1.35, 5.26)*	2.78 (1.32, 5.88)*
	31-44	2.27 (1.03, 5.00)*	2.13 (0.81, 5.56)
	55+	1.47 (0.74, 2.94)	1.69 (0.72, 4.00)
	P†	0.03	0.06
Social support (≥40 vs. <40)
Gender	Male	1.41 (0.85, 2.34)	1.53 (0.86, 2.73)
	Female	3.13 (1.50, 6.51)*	2.23 (0.90, 5.54)
	P†	0.05	0.61
Age group	18-30	1.96 (0.97, 3.99)	2.42(1.09, 5.36)*
	31-50	1.71 (0.77, 3.81)	1.70 (0.65, 4.49)
	50+	2.34 (1.12, 4.87)*	1.41 (0.57, 3.52)
	P†	0.70	0.03

Note. Abstinence from heroin: no heroin use during five years prior to the participants’ last self-reported record from the TLFB; Abstinence from heroin and other opioids: no heroin and other opioids use during the 5 years prior to the participants’ last self-reported record from the TLFB.

Model for each stratum: adjusted all covariates in model III except for the stratified variables.

^*The 95% confidence interval of odds ratio is statistically significant

^†P value of test for heterogeneity.