Table 1.
Year wise experimental studies in turkeys and/or chickens investigating important immunological parameters of histomonosis.
| Parameter | Components | Technique | Tissue | Host | Strain or antigenic preparation | Year of publication (reference) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum antibodies | Precipitating antibodies | Agar gel immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony test) | Serum | Turkeys (Beltsville White) and chicken (Light Sussex cockerels) | Homogenate of cecum and liver tissues harvested from an infected turkey or ceca contents of an infected chicken | 1963 (42) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | Indirect immunofluorescence assay | Serum | Turkeys (breed BIG 6) | Virulent H. meleagridis (strain mdc), and a lysed (by sonication) preparation of the same strain | 2009 (43) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | indirect sandwich ELISA | Serum | Turkeys and chickens | Virulent H. meleagridisTurkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 or the same clones passaged for 95, 215 or 295 times | 2009 (44) |
| Chemokine and cytokine mRNA | IL-1β, IL-6, CXCLi2, IL-10, TGF-β4, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13 | RT-qPCR | Cecal tonsil, liver and spleen | Turkeys and chickens (broilers and breeder cockerels) | A suspension of severely affected cecum and liver tissue homogenate harvested from chickens orally inoculated with embryonated eggs of H. gallinarum | 2009 (45) |
| β-defensin mRNA | AvBD2 | Cecal tonsil and liver | ||||
| Immune cells | CD4+, CD8α+, CD28+ and CD44+ cells | Immunohistochemistry | Liver and spleen | |||
| Serum & mucosal antibodies | IgA, IgG, IgM | Indirect sandwich ELISA | Serum, duodenum, jejunum & cecum | Chickens | Clonal cultures of virulent (passaged for 21 times) H. meleagridis /Turkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 | 2010 (46) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | Blocking ELISA | Serum | Turkeys (BUT 6) and chickens (Isa Brown layers) | A Dutch field strain (strain /Deventer/NL/AL327-type I/03) | 2010 (47) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | Indirect sandwich ELISA | Serum | Turkeys (BUT 9) | Clonal cultures of virulent (passaged for 21 times) and/or attenuated (passaged for 295 times) H. meleagridis / Turkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 | 2010 (48) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | Indirect sandwich ELISA | Serum | Chickens (layer type) | Clonal cultures of virulent (passaged for 21 times) and/or attenuated (passaged for 295 times) H. meleagridis / Turkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 | 2013 (49) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | indirect sandwich ELISA | Serum | Turkeys | Clonal cultures of attenuated (passaged for 295) H. meleagridis /Turkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 or the same strain back passaged in vivo | 2013 (50) |
| Serum antibodies | IgG | Indirect sandwich ELISA | Serum | Chickens (layer and meat-type) | H. meleagridis strain Turkey/Germany/GB551/04 from an outbreak in a commercial meat turkey flock in Germany | 2014 (51) |
| Immune cells | CD4+, CD8α+, B cells, heterophils, macrophages | Flow cytometry | cecum, liver, spleen, PBMC | Turkeys and chickens | Clonal cultures of virulent (passaged for 21 times) and/or attenuated (passaged for 295 times) H. meleagridis/Turkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 | 2017 (52) |
| Heterophils, macrophages | Whole blood | Chickens | ||||
| Immune cells | T cells, B cells and monocytes/macrophages | Immunofluorescence | Cecum, liver, and spleen | Chickens | Clonal cultures of virulent (passaged for 21 times) and/or attenuated (passaged for 295 times) H. meleagridis /Turkey/Austria/2922-C6/04 | 2018 (53) |
| Type1/type2 signature cytokines | IFN-γ or IL-13 mRNA positive cells | In situ hybridization | Turkeys and chickens |