Table 1.
Mean (± SD) body mass and cardiovascular, urine and blood markers.
| Physiological marker | Condition | Pre-intervention | Immediately | 3 h post- |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| post-intervention | intervention | |||
| Body mass (kg) | DHY | 80 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 |
| CON | 80 ± 11 | 80 ± 11*** | 80 ± 11 | |
| Serum osmolality (mOsm/kg) | DHY | 286 ± 5 | 293 ± 5 | 290 ± 6 |
| CON | 288 ± 4 | 285 ± 4** | 287 ± 5 | |
| Haematocrit (%) | DHY | 42 ± 2 | 45 ± 3 | 43 ± 2 |
| CON | 42 ± 3 | 43 ± 3* | 42 ± 2 | |
| Urine osmolality (mOsm/kg) | DHY | 448 ± 318 | 740 ± 249 | 728 ± 326 |
| CON | 654 ± 321 | 338 ± 159*** | 654 ± 321*** | |
| Urine specific gravity (SG) | DHY | 1.013 ± 0.009 | 1.027 ± 0.008 | 1.022 ± 0.01 |
| CON | 1.018 ± 0.01 | 1.008 ± 0.004*** | 1.01 ± 0.005*** | |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | DHY | 66 ± 10 | 117 ± 21 | 68 ± 12 |
| CON | 69 ± 11 | 56 ± 9*** | 64 ± 10 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | DHY | 126 ± 12 | 122 ± 13 | 127 ± 11 |
| CON | 125 ± 14 | 124 ± 14 | 126 ± 10 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | DHY | 69 ± 10 | 69 ± 7 | 71 ± 9 |
| CON | 69 ± 9 | 72 ± 5 | 69 ± 7 | |
| Core temperature (°C) | DHY | 37 ± 0.5 | 39 ± 0.5 | 37 ± 0.5 |
| CON | 37 ± 0.5 | 37 ± 0.2*** | 37 ± 0.2 | |
| Tympanic temperature (°C) | DHY | 36 ± 0.5 | 39 ± 0.5 | 36 ± 0.5 |
| CON | 36 ± 0.5 | 36 ± 0.5*** | 36 ± 0.5 | |
| Brain-derived neurotropic factor (μg/ml) | DHY | 188 ± 149 | 161 ± 100 | 106 ± 65 |
| CON | 114 ± 44 | 202 ± 212 | 115 ± 115 | |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha (pg/ml) | DHY | 0.93 ± 0.23 | 1.09 ± 0.3 | 1.02 ± 0.34 |
| CON | 1.13 ± 0.49 | 1.08 ± 0.32 | 0.94 ± 0.22 |
∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001 when compared with DHY in at the same time point.