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. 2018 Nov 8;8:16576. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34783-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Experimental output powers and fundamental lasing modes at various pump powers. Insets show spatial forms of fundamental lasing modes. Fundamental output lased at a Gaussian mode (1^st-order LG mode) within a pump power of <1.75 W (>1.75 W). (b) Experimental (upper row) and calculated transverse spatial forms (lower row) of the bottle beam at different longitudinal positions. (c) Experimental intensity profiles of the bottle beam along the propagation and radial directions. (d) Experimental output power and second-harmonic far-field patterns at various pump powers. Insets show spatial forms of the second harmonics. The bottle beam was generated at the pump power of >1.75 W.