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. 2018 Nov 8;8:16534. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34724-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transformation rates of honeybee queens using different transposases (iPBase and hyPBase^apis), transposase mRNA concentrations and injection sites. Honeybee embryos were injected at either the posterior or the anterior site (a) with 90 pg or 240 pg of iPBase and hyPBase^apis encoding mRNA and piggyBac plasmid. Genetic transformation was tested by amplification of the transgene via PCRs in male (drone) offspring (b). P is shown for fisher’s exact test for the significant difference only.