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Effect of RIPNDs on microbial fermentation efficiency. Upon incubation at 37°C in the phenol red-containing rich medium, the fermentation levels of P. acnes (A) and S. epidermidis (B) in the presence and absence of RIPNDs were separately measured by using a spectrophotometer (λabs = 562 nm) every 30 min for 3 h and were quantitatively represented by OD562. The solid line denotes the linear trendline of the OD values obtained in each group. Values are mean ± s.d. (n = 3).
