Figure 3.

Gene Flow among the Crown Canid Species

(A) This figure summarizes the relationships among the species (phylogeny) and the various gene flow events inferred from the samples included in this study. Gene flow events are indicated with red arrows, and dotted red arrows show possible gene flow events that have been inferred in this study but have not been previously reported.

(B–D) These figures show the gene flow among the different crown canid species using D statistics. These D statistics show significant gene flow between the gray wolf, African golden wolf, golden jackal, and Ethiopian wolf. One principal new finding is structure within the African golden wolves, splitting into Northwestern and Eastern clades, which show genetic affinity to gray wolves and Ethiopian wolves, respectively. A second principal finding is inferred gene flow from an unknown canid lineage, related to the dhole, into the ancestor of the coyote and the gray wolves. We hypothesize this may explain the unexpected basal placement of the coyote in the mitochondrial tree. Further evidence of gene flow in the crown canids is shown in Figure S3.