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. 2018 Nov 2;12:802. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00802

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Copyright © 2018 Xie, Zhou, Zhang, Chen and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Western blotting analysis for protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NFκB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3 and PARP1 in rat striatum. Compared to the control group, expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NFκB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3 and PARP1 significantly increased in the METH alone-treated group, while the lactulose pretreatment effectively alleviated these over-expressions, suggesting suppressions of neuroinflammation and apoptosis induced by METH. Significant compared to the control group (*p < 0.05); Significant compared to the METH alone-treated group (#p < 0.05). Lact, Lactulose.