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. 2018 Nov 8;8:16588. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34895-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The regulation of various sexual development and secondary metabolism genes is dependent on the pheromone module components and HamE. (a) Expression levels of the veA, velB and laeA genes belonging to the velvet complex. Strains were inoculated (5 × 10⁶ spores/ml) in 40 ml of GMM media and incubated for 48 hours at 37 °C on a shaker. For each qPCR experiment (a,c–e), 2 independent biological replicates and 3 technical replicates were used (N = 6) for each strain. The average expression level values were plotted ± s.d. as a percentage of the wild type average. (b) HPLC detection of secondary metabolite sterigmatocystin (ST) levels in deletion strains. Strains were inoculated in triplicate and cultured according to the parameters described in (a). Average peak area values were plotted as a percentage of the wild type ± s.d. P-values were calculated by performing unpaired Student’s t-tests (*P < 0.05). (c) Expression levels of the aflR, stcQ and stcE genes belonging to the ST gene cluster. (d) Expression levels of the acvA, aatA and ipnA genes belonging to the penicillin gene cluster. (e) Expression levels of the tdiA and tdiB genes belonging to the terrequinone A gene cluster.