eTable 3. Study characteristics and results for the secondary endpoint walking ability.
| Study | Intervention | Duration | Frequency and time | e | n | Severity (able to walk unaided) | Risk of bias (generation of randomization sequence) | Risk of bias (concealment of randomization sequence) | Risk of bias (blinding of investigators) | Months after stroke |
| Ada 2010 | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 4 weeks | 30 min 3× per week | 40 | 64 | No | Low | Low | Low | 28.00 |
| Ada 2010 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 4 weeks | 30 min 3× per week | 48 | 62 | No | Low | Low | Low | 26.00 |
| Aschbacher 2006 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 3 weeks | 30 min 5× per week | 0 | 11 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Aschbacher 2006 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 3 weeks | 30 min 5× per week | 0 | 12 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Chang 2012 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 1.5 weeks | 100 min 5× per week | 4 | 24 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | High | 0.53 |
| Chang 2012 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 1.5 weeks | 100 min 5× per week | 1 | 24 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | High | 0.59 |
| da Cunha Filho 2002 | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 2 to 3 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 3 | 6 | No | Low | High | High | 0.52 |
| da Cunha Filho 2002 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 2 to 3 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 3 | 7 | No | Low | High | High | 0.62 |
| Duncan 2011 | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 12 to 16 weeks | 90 min 3× per week | 135 | 282 | No | Unclear | Low | High | 4.00 |
| Duncan 2011 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 12 to 16 weeks | 90 min 3× per week | 61 | 126 | No | Unclear | Low | High | 2.00 |
| Fisher 2008 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 24 units | 3–5× per week | 9 | 10 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Fisher 2008 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 24 units | 3–5× per week | 9 | 10 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Franceschini 2009 | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 5 weeks | 60 min 5× per week | 0 | 52 | No | Low | Unclear | Low | 0.56 |
| Franceschini 2009 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 5 weeks | 60 min 5× per week | 0 | 50 | No | Low | Unclear | Low | 0.46 |
| Husemann 2007 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 4 weeks | 30 min 5× per week | 0 | 17 | No | Low | Low | Low | 2.60 |
| Husemann 2007 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 4 weeks | 30 min 5× per week | 0 | 15 | No | Low | Low | Low | 2.93 |
| Kosak 2000 | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 2 to 3 weeks | 45 min 5× per week | 20 | 22 | No | Low | Low | High | 1.28 |
| Kosak 2000 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 2 to 3 weeks | 45 min 5× per week | 28 | 34 | No | Low | Low | High | 1.32 |
| Kyung 2008 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 4 weeks | 45 min 3× per week | 12 | 18 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 22.00 |
| Kyung 2008 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 4 weeks | 45 min 3× per week | 7 | 17 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 29.00 |
| Mayr 2008 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 8 weeks | 45 min 5× per week | 9 | 37 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Mayr 2008 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 8 weeks | 45 min 5× per week | 7 | 37 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Morone 2011 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with end-effector | 4 weeks | 40 min 5× per week | 19 | 24 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.62 |
| Morone 2011 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 4 weeks | 40 min 5× per week | 10 | 24 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.66 |
| Nilsson 2001a | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 9 to 10 weeks | 30 min 5× per week | 4 | 24 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.72 |
| Nilsson 2001a | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 9 to 10 weeks | 30 min 5× per week | 4 | 25 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.56 |
| Peurala 2005 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with end-effector | 3 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 14 | 30 | Sometimes | Low | Low | High | 30.00 |
| Peurala 2005 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 3 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 9 | 15 | Sometimes | Low | Low | High | 48.00 |
| Peurala 2009 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with end-effector | 3 weeks | 55 min 3× per week | 5 | 22 | Sometimes | Low | Low | High | 0.26 |
| Peurala 2009 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 3 weeks | 55 min 3× per week | 5 | 34 | Sometimes | Low | Low | High | 0.26 |
| Pohl 2007 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with end-effector | 4 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 41 | 77 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.97 |
| Pohl 2007 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 4 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 17 | 78 | No | Low | Low | Low | 1.04 |
| Saltuari 2004 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 2 weeks | ABA study; in phase A 30 min 5× per week | 1 | 8 | Sometimes | Low | Unclear | Unclear | 3.60 |
| Saltuari 2004 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 2 weeks | ABA study; in phase A 30 min 5× per week | 1 | 8 | Sometimes | Low | Unclear | Unclear | 1.90 |
| Scheidtmann 1999 | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 3 weeks | 60 min 5× per week | 10 | 15 | No | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 1.71 |
| Scheidtmann 1999 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 3 weeks | 60 min 5× per week | 11 | 15 | No | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | 1.71 |
| Schwartz 2006 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 6 weeks | 3× per week | 20 | 37 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | High | 0.72 |
| Schwartz 2006 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 6 weeks | 3× per week | 8 | 30 | Sometimes | Unclear | Unclear | High | 0.79 |
| Tong 2006 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with end-effector | 4 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 12 | 33 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.58 |
| Tong 2006 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 4 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 6 | 21 | No | Low | Low | Low | 0.62 |
| Van Nunen 2012 | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with exoskeleton | 8 weeks | 30 min 2× per week | 12 | 16 | Sometimes | Unclear | Low | High | 2.10 |
| Van Nunen 2012 | Conventional walking rehabilitation | 8 weeks | 60 min 1× per week | 8 | 14 | Sometimes | Unclear | Low | High | 2.10 |
| Werner 2002a | Treadmill training with body-weight support | 2 weeks | 15 to 20 min 5× per week | 13 | 15 | No | Low | Low | Unclear | 1.70 |
| Werner 2002a | Electromechanical-assisted walking training with end-effector | 2 weeks | 20 min 5× per week | 10 | 15 | No | Low | Low | Unclear | 1.59 |
ABA, A-B-A study design (A = baseline phase, B = intervention phase); SD, standard deviation