Fig. 4.

Glucose intolerance persists despite rapid changes in fecal microbiota after removing an obesogenic diet for 2 days. Mice were fed chow or 60% HFD (N = 8, 8) for 14 days before HFD was replaced with a chow diet for 2 days (Day 16) (a). b Glucose tolerance test (GTT) curve with area under the curve (AUC) (2 g per kg glucose, i.p.) and c body mass on day 16. Statistical significance was measured as p < 0.05 using Student t-test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; #p < 0.001; ## p < .0001). Values are mean ± SEM. d PCoA of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity for Chow (Day 14), Chow (Day 16), 60% HFD (Day 14), and 2 days HFD removal (60HFD Day 16). PCoA plots for all groups of mice (left panel), mice only fed a chow diet (middle panel), and mice that were fed a 60% HFD with or without replacement of the obesogenic diet with a chow (right panel). e Genus level changes in the microbiota relative to 14 days of chow diet. The average relative abundance of each taxon detected in fecal samples was compared across the different groups of mice. Non-parametric analysis of variance for each taxon between the treatment groups (Chow day 14, Chow Day 16, 60% HFD Day 14, 60% HFD Day 16) was conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Taxa that passed the significance threshold of p < 0.05 were analyzed using the pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test. Correction for multiple hypothesis testing (FDR) was calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05.  Fold change in relative abundance of the taxa that significantly changed within either diet group was expressed relative to Chow Day 14 and plotted in the heatmap