Table 3.

Attributed causes of secondary oxalate nephropathy^a

Hyperoxaluria-enabling factors	No. of studies	No. of patients	Percentage distribution	Listed causes
Increased intake of oxalate precursors	30	33	30.6	Averrhoa carambola Vitamin C Peanuts Tea Rhubarb Chaga mushroom Piridoxylate
Increased oxalate availability in the colon due to decreased intestinal calcium availability from fat malabsorption	42	81	75.0	Crohn’s disease Celiac disease Chronic pancreatitis Small bowel resection Diabetic gastroenteropathy Pancreatic adenocarcinoma Systemic sclerosis Roux-en-Y bypass Hemicolectomy Gastric bypass Jejunoileal bypass Bariatric surgery Cystic fibrosis Orlistat Octreotide Mycophenolate mofetil
Decreased intestinal oxalate degradation due to decreased intestinal colonization with oxalate-degrading bacteria	1	1	0.9	Absence of Oxalobacter formigenes colonization
Increased colonic permeability to oxalate	1	1	0.9	Clostridium difficile colitis

^aDerived from individual case reports and case series: summary of the 57 case reports and 10 case series (entailing 51 cases), totaling 108 patients. Eight patients had >1 attributed cause of secondary oxalate nephropathy, with all 8 patients having 2 contributing causes.