Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| All | No MAKE | MAKE | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N = 579 | n = 410 (70.8%) | n = 169 (29.2%) | |
| Penkid at admission (pmol/l) | 83.4 [52.7–154.0] | 64.7 [44.9–106.0] | 178.6 [113.7–241.9] | <0.0001 |
| Age (yr) | 65.6 [55–75.4] | 64.4 [54.0–74.0] | 69.4 [59.5–77.1] | 0.0013 |
| Males, n (%) | 361 (62.3) | 258 (62.9) | 103 (60.9) | 0.7243 |
| Septic shock at admission (yes) | 292 (50.4) | 171 (58.3) | 121 (71.6) | 0.0005 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Cardiac comorbidity | 396 (68.4) | 257 (62.7) | 139 (82.2) | <0.0001 |
| Noncardiac comorbidity | 410 (70.8) | 282 (68.8) | 128 (75.7) | 0.1155 |
| CKD | 76 (13.0) | 28 (6.8) | 47 (27.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 290 (50.1) | 187 (45.6) | 103 (60.9) | 0.0007 |
| Diabetes melitus | 158 (27.3) | 99 (24.1) | 59 (34.9) | 0.0121 |
| Physiological values at admission | ||||
| Mean blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75 [64–90] | 76 [65–93] | 73 [61–86] | 0.0271 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 104 [90–119] | 104 [90–119] | 103 [88–117] | 0.6996 |
| Fluid balance (ml) | 1930 [600–3561] | 1655 [430–3108] | 2787 [1263–4685] | <0.0001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 224 [137–340] | 221 [138–343] | 234 [136–333] | 0.8092 |
| Laboratory values at admission | ||||
| Lactate | 2.4 [1.49–4] | 2.2 [1.4–3.3] | 3.65 [1.72–7.77] | <0.0001 |
| Arterial pH | 7.38 [7.3–7.44] | 7.4 [7.33–7.45] | 7.32 [7.25–7.4] | <0.0001 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/l) | 11 [6–19] | 11 [7–19] | 11 [6–21] | 0.6286 |
| Platelets (109/l) | 190 [120–275] | 196 [125–287] | 168 [103–259] | 0.0269 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.35 [0.86–2.22] | 1.1 [0.75–1.61] | 2.64 [1.7–4.05] | <0.0001 |
| BUN or urea (mg/dl) | 61.3 [37.1–107.3] | 51.0 [33.2–81.1] | 107.5 [61.3–144.1] | <0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 34 [29–38] | 35 [30–38] | 33 [28–38] | 0.1342 |
| White blood cell count (/mm3) | 12,455 [7185–18,520] | 12,970 [7625–18,800] | 11,325 [5790–17,000] | 0.0785 |
| Organ support at admission | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | <0.0001 | |||
| Invasive | 219 (37.8) | 132 (32.2) | 87 (51.5) | |
| Noninvasive | 128 (22.1) | 106 (25.9) | 22 (13) | |
| None | 232 (40.1) | 172 (42) | 60 (35.5) | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 49 (8.5) | 0 (0) | 49 (29) | <0.0001 |
| Vasopressor at admission | 336 (58) | 205 (50) | 131 (77.5) | <0.0001 |
| Organ dysfunction scores | ||||
| SOFA (points) | 7 [5–10] | 6 [4–9] | 10 [8–13] | <0.0001 |
| APACHE II (points) | 15 [11–20] | 14 [10–18] | 19 [15–23] | <0.0001 |
| Length of stay (d) | ||||
| ICU | 5 [2–9] | 6 [3–10] | 3 [2–7] | <0.0001 |
| Mortality (%) | ||||
| 28-Day, deaths | 126 (21.8) | 51 (12.4) | 75 (44.4) | <0.0001 |
| 90-Day, deaths | 165 (28.5) | 75 (18.3) | 90 (53.3) | <0.0001 |
APACHE II, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ICU, intensive care unit; MAKE, major adverse kidney event; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.