Table 1.

Key Parameters Used in Our Simulations

Physical meaning	Symbol	Value	Reference	Normalization
				Formula	Value
Cell area stiffness	Ka	105–107 N ⋅ m−3	(5, 60)	ND	ND
Cell reference area	A0	900 μm2	Assumed	ND	ND
Cell contractile modulus	Kc	10−5–10−4 N ⋅ m−1	(61)	Kc/(KaA0)	0.01–0.1
Cell-cell interfacial tension	Λ	10−9–10−8 N	(62)	$\Lambda /\left(K_{\text{a}}{A}_0^{3/2}\right)$	0.01–0.1
Friction coefficient	γ	0.01–0.1 N ⋅ s ⋅ m−1	(62)	ND	ND
Length scale	$\ell$	30 μm	$\ell =\sqrt{A_0}$	ND	ND
Time scale	τ	100 s	$\tau =\gamma /\left(K_{\text{a}}{A}_0\right)$	ND	ND
Self-propelled velocity	v0	10−8 ∼ 10−7 m ⋅ s−1	(63)	$v_0\tau /\sqrt{A_0}$	0.01–0.1
LA intensity	μa	∼10−4 s−1	Assumed	μaτ	∼0.1
CIL intensity	μc	∼10−3 s−1	Assumed	μcτ	∼1.0

ND, no data.